The smartest guys in the room(movie&book) essay

The smartest guys in the room(movie&book) - Essay Example Another form of malpractice that the company participated in is loaning money to itself in order to conceal debts. They also manipulated California’s’ energy supply using its electricity market. The movie elaborates how thousands of Enron employees lost their job in the scandal albeit their loyalty, while their bosses maintained their wealth. In reality, this movie is a criminal documentary that reveals how the executives of Enron, which was America’s seventh largest company, participated in a pansy scheme and got away. Their investors and employees succumbed to great losses while they walked away with billions of dollars (Sterling 22). An ethical consideration is the rights and duties of an entity to its employees, customers and their fiduciary responsibility towards their investors. These considerations assist in maintaining the integrity of a profession by setting out standards. Professionals found in violation of ethical responsibility are subject to sanctions, withdrawal of licenses and charges by law. It is unfortunate that the pioneers of the pansy scheme involving Enron walked away scot free with billions of dollars while their employees and investors made huge losses. The underlying principle in ethics is choosing the right irrespective of the foreseen or unforeseen consequence. Ultimately, unconditional responsibility that surpasses belief and interest is essential for harmony in human interactions. After watching this film, it important to recognize that community support does not determine ethical standing. A company may donate or fund other projects generously but the behaviors that take place behind t he scenes are the most crucial. Enron was the leading financier of George W. Bush 2000 election campaign but they had many hidden issues (Sterling 63). I believe that justice was served in the Enron scandal. The executives associated with the issue faced

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business Strategy - Essay Example The theoretical framework applied for external audit is the PESTEL analysis. The political system in China significantly favours entrepreneurship. Having risen from a middle-income country to a near developed country in less than a century, the political system has a history of favouring entrepreneurship (bec.org). Hong Kong is the richest country in the mainland China with a GDP of US$ 258 billion. This makes it one of the most economically viable nations. The purchasing power in the country is estimated by the World Bank to be US$ 42.653. The country has other established foreign and local brands that pose great competition to Koyo Jeans. These include Diesel, Calvin Klein and Levis which are international companies; and Gallery and Lucky Brand, which are Hong Kong-based (lowtax.net). Being a local company, Koyo jeans do not experience any social or political barriers. The population of Hong Kong is more than 7 million people most of whom embrace the European and traditional Chinese clothing as fashion. Because of the cultural orientation of the products, the demand for Koyo Jeans’ products is high among the people who can be said to be luxurious shoppers. They have been quite receptive of the Koyo products over the years and has helped the company develop. Canada has a democratic tradition dating back to mid-nineteenth century. A general governor governs the country, and the political system is fairly stable. Being a developed and industrialised country, the political system is supportive to businesses, both local and foreign. The population of Canada is more than 34 million people and is in constant expansion. The Canadians are not only affluent but also fashion sensitive. This means that there is a ready market for the products. Jeans market in Canada experienced a 2% increase in 2013 (euromonitor.com). The main competitors in this market are the European brands; Diesel, Calvin Klein, Levi; and the Canadian

Concepts of Beauty in Art

Concepts of Beauty in Art John Keats Beauty and Truth In his famous apostrophe to the Grecian Urn, the immortal poet, John Keats, wrote: Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou sayst, beauty is truth, truth beauty, that is all ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. This very famous statement on Beauty and Truth and their interchangeability poses a very important question in the postmodern era. Art and its convention of the Beauty/Beautiful has imperceptibly changed over the decades, from something that should reflect the Ideal (and in reality, twice removed from it, as per Plato), or in essence complete and offering pleasure to the senses to something, that expresses the unique consciousness/angst of the creator. Art has thus rediscovered its definition for beauty. If beauty is truth, then it may dare to be grotesque too, for truth may be harsh or horrific. Beauty does not suggest something beautiful in the actual sense of the term, but that, which comes closer to the true expressions of the self and the vision of a generations psyche, that is fragmented, kitsch-like, complex and beyond the metanarratives of a suffocating conformity. Beauty has evolved into a freedom for expression. Contemporary art, especially questions the paradigms of aesthetic values, with artists like Chapman Brothers or Justin Novak producing artwork that are clearly meant to provoke reactions and challenge notions of beauty, that had its roots in Kants Critique of Judgment (1790). It contemplated on the pure aesthetic experience of art consisting of a disinterested observer, pleasing for its own sake and beyond any utility or morality. Now, the very word pleasing may have different boundaries and contemporary art is trying to escalate their claims. If Marcel Duchamp made a fountain out of a urinal in 1917, that hurtled the Dadaist movement and that later amplified into a surrealist tendency looking into primitive art for their subconscious inspiration, to reveal the mental process, then the essential motivation behind the whole thing was subversion. If primitivism was motivating a new dimension by which beauty of the mind was revealed, then Picasso completely subjectified art and personal experience into a fourth dimension and created a cubist movement to claim a break down of a canon that no longer held on to techniques, symbols and least of all universal criteria for judging anything. There are many socio-ideological forces behind the same and the destructive World Wars had many reasons to question the notions behind the traditional idea of Beauty, and it addressed the subjective, transcendental and alienated psyche of modern man. Metaphysical hopelessness gave absurdity to beauty, while the meaninglessness of this Being, made beauty seem more akin to grotesque, either by derision or by the light of their tragic truth. What makes the question more intriguing is that, whether contemporary art has found a better form of beauty (constructed to please and create a certain discursive paradigm) in the grotesque, since it frees us from any moral and political/ideological constraints? Can it be linked to greater dimensions of teleological magnitude, or should it be treated as an alternative method of understanding true aesthetic, if not the complete aspect of aesthetic itself? Is grotesque possible without the knowledge of Beauty itself? I shall attempt to answer the following questions that I raised, with a few examples. One must first understand the idea behind perception and the dialogical force that surrounds it. If the world is raised as an illusion in ones mind then the mind has been symbolically trained to read it as a language. This matrix of complex spontaneity is paradigmatically and syntagmatically (Roman Jakobson, 1987) being challenged, when Grotesque plays the part of Beauty. The Dystopia arises out of a shattered archetype that must restructure itself to include elements of the grotesque within the beauty, and reach towards the same aesthetic experience: the sublime. But interestingly what produces sublime is shock. But one must not confuse this with the cathartic experience of the Tragic pity and terror, but something quite opposite to an ideal communicative situation that all such art produces. Thus this element of mimesis and/or representation of the ideal have given way to an infinite subjectivity (Hegel, Lectures on Fine Art, given in the 1820s), or the abyss of the human mind and condition. But the self is interpellated as per Lacan and later Althusser too estimated the impossibility of a single position from where one can judge, since the self was preconditioned with a lot of logocentricism (Derrida), which are again socio-culturally specific as per Barthes. Thus there is a complete inquiry into art through the artists personality or self (or selves). Justin Novaks disfigurine often conforming to the bourgeoisie values, distort them to such an ironic extent that one cannot miss the counter realism that it offers. Often it serves to offer no alternative reality, but just launches one amidst a grotesque re-examination of old values and with its attendant disillusionment. Once there is a silent barrier between class and gender is dismantled, the escape is into nothingness the sublime height of vast unending solutions and this underscores the definite presence and the horrors of undying conformism. If truth is beauty, then Novaks artworks reveal the finer sides of it by shattering the comfortable and compartmentalized thought processes with which one can objectify art from a safe distance. The grotesque closeness of these truths gives beauty to the mind by releasing it from the shackles of confinement and overpowering illusions. Truth is not universal, but a power to accept the inextricable complexity of human behaviour, mind and his /her social, cultural and historical environment. Is Grotesque a rebellion? Or is it an inextricable element of beauty? Disfigurines 2006, by Justin Novak Grayson Perrys ceramic works portray this polemic by making them superficially beautiful (as beauty has been notoriously claimed to have been) and underneath it remains the darker motives of an artist who tries to wrest with disturbing truths (or shall one call them home truths, with a larger social back drop to them). His works like Coming Out Dress 2000, Weve Found the Body of your Child 2000 or the Boring Cool People 1999 (reminds one of Eliots famous lines from The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock In the room the women come and go, Talking of Michaelangelo). Not only does he deal with issues like cross-dressing, child abuse and social sterility (spiritually hollow cool fashionistas), but also he plays with this abnormal interrelation between beauty and grotesque. He raises questions about taste and the sublime. In short he subverts the notion of beauty with beauty that is skin deep! Reality is a diabolical faade and Perry questions whether hegemony denotes or connotes the medium o f taste in art. Transvestite to transgression, the Chapman Brothers question the inevitability or orthodox value of the canon. This reflects in their works, defacement and torture figures create the complete picture of Beauty. They usher in a new experiment with taste, bad taste and the notions of good taste. Art moves into the realms of public or mass low category, which becomes an essential democratic medium for evoking or carrying forward a provocation to rouse the sense of that horrifying answerless void. With the Chapman brothers there is a sadist tone attached to their insult or reiteration of Goyas influence especially in the irrecreation of his Disasters of War, which inflict bold horror. But the grandeur of that horror is reduced to a trivial and yet a sardonic sensationtaste comes off them. They twist the sensation of violence into an aestheticground and arouse a variety of physical and mental demands for perceiving Beauty amidst such a squandering grotesqueness. Beauty here lies in the re lease from holding back appreciation, awe and complete shock. Violence does not stand-alone and nor does any other human emotion. Sex, 2003 is thus desire, decay, diabolical, deliberate, freedom or defeat. Purity is not that far fromits pornographic mockery of it and they are interrelated in their apparent verisimilitude. A true representation of kitsch art, their works like Zygotic Acceleration, roused shock as they attempted to portray the sexualisation of children due to the media and increased gender awareness. These treatments nevertheless push questions about morality that grotesque beauty actually challenges. Thus morality and beauty in its aesthetic straight forwardedness seem to flatten out newer boundaries of experiences, which the Chapman brothers challenge through their craftsmanship. Traditional Sculpture, especially in the hands of the Chapman Brothers and Justin Novak or Grayson Perry are objects of anti-canonical parody, grotesque imitations or thought-provoking reverse-discourses. All these postmodern artists are challenging aesthetic experience. All these artworks succumb to one the power of the grotesque that sublimates beauty with its truth, and they make us realize that truth is not about a fixed standard, but accepting the actual absence of it. What makes contemporary art more beastly in its beauty is the power to derive happiness (or sado-masochist satisfaction) out of this grotesqueness. The grotesque shocks but this is a pleasure in itself, because it is the very representation of the consciousness. Theatre and artwork met with experimentalism in the stage by Artaud, who made audience a spectator to cruelty that is harsh, exceptionally brutal and yet beautiful. By shattering estrangement and by creating something that allows no objectivity (in the lik es of Kant or Brecht) Artaud demands a complete involvement of the senses. Moreover, this is where art threatens to change the soul of the perceiver by its dominating beauty, which horrifies the perceiver with its verity and unique angst. Wittgensteins concept of seeing-as, allows contemporary art to shun master narratives completely and standout on their own purely as visual sensations. From British Avant-Garde art that confuses common and the uncommon (like use of mannequin by Chapman Brothers or genitals replaced by the faces in their remake of Goyas Disasters of Wars series). Grotesquerie is about questioning the status quo, about unflinching self-criticism and about embracing outsiders. From Simon Carroll deconstructing the chronology of ceramic vases with his pastiches like Thrown Square Pot2005, engages the observers mind with complex questions that he poses through the irregular construction of his surfaces. Thrown Square Pot  2005, Simon Carroll. The artists seem to dwell on the apparent hyperreality of contemporary situation, where art has become a vastly reproduced object fractured beyond identity. Formlessness becomes the beauty without symmetry and deliberate cruelty an aesthetic grotesqueness. Thus the gap between what is apparent and what may actually exists gives the artists ample space to bridge this defined categories with crushing forces of expressions that though grotesque to the shocked senses is ultimately beautiful by virtue of its truth. Works Cited Eliot, T. S The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Eliot, Thomas Stearns. Prufrock and Other Observations. London: The Egoist, Ltd, 1917; Bartleby.com, 1996. www.bartleby.com/198/. [30.01.2007]. ON-LINE ED.: Published May 1996 by Bartleby.com; Copyright Bartleby.com, Inc. (Terms of Use). Hegel, Lectures on Fine Art, (edited by Hotho) Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art, Vol. 1.translated by T. M. Knox, 1973. Poetical Works. London: Macmillan, 1884; Bartleby.com, 1999 Jakobson, Roman. Language in Literature. Ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1987. See influential essay Linguistics and Poetics by Roman Jakobson, in their collection Language in Literature (1987).

My Philosophy Statement Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching Essa

My Philosophy Statement Coming from a family of educators, I have always been aware of the love and importance of learning. Growing up I thought I wanted to be a Marine Biologist and was even accepted at Coastal Carolina to study this field. After much deliberation, I realized that what I really wanted to do was teach. In high school, I had the opportunity to work with children through the Eagle’s Nest Club and my Spanish class and knew this is what I wanted to do. My opportunities through these two organizations gave me experience with elementary students. This is what I have chosen to do. I plan to pursue a degree in elementary education and add certification for pre-k and special education. Again, coming from parents of educators, I know how important education is and I also know how important it is to consider the individual child and the baggage they bring with them. Some students come to school with a background that has provided plenty of stimulus and are ready to learn. Others come with terrible childhood and family histories and struggle to survive, much less have the pre-readiness skills to learn. My goal is to teach early childhood students and make my classroom a place where all children, those from impoverished and abusive homes to those with well to do and stable homes, have the same stimulation and opportunity to learn. Even though my goal is to teach early childhood, my degree will be through K-8. Consid...

Fi516 Advanced Finance

Study Guide for Final Exam 1. (TCO B) Which of the following statements concerning the MM extension with growth is NOT CORRECT? (a) The tax shields should be discounted at the unlevered cost of equity. (b) The value of a growing tax shield is greater than the value of a constant tax shield. (c) For a given D/S, the levered cost of equity is greater than the levered cost of equity under MM's original (with tax) assumptions. (d) For a given D/S, the WACC is greater than the WACC under MM's original (with tax) assumptions. e) The total value of the firm is independent of the amount of debt it uses. (Points: 20) 2. (TCO D) Which of the following statements is most CORRECT? (a) In a private placement, securities are sold to private (individual) investors rather than to institutions. (b) Private placements occur most frequently with stocks, but bonds can also be sold in a private placement. (c) Private placements are convenient for issuers, but the convenience is offset by higher flotation costs. (d) The SEC requires that all private placements be handled by a registered investment banker. e) Private placements can generally bring in funds faster than is the case with public offerings. (Points: 20) 3. (TCO E) Dakota Trucking Company (DTC) is evaluating a potential lease for a truck with a 4-year life that costs $40,000 and falls into the MACRS 3-year class. If the firm borrows and buys the truck, the loan rate would be 10%, and the loan would be amortized over the truck's 4-year life. The loan payments would be made at the end of each year. The truck will be used for 4 years, at the end of which time it will be sold at an estimated residual value of $10,000. If DTC buys the truck, its after tax cash flows would be the following: (Year 1) – 6,339; (Year 2) -4,764; (Year 3)-9,943; (Year 4) -5,640; all occurring at the end of respective years. The lease terms, call for a $10,000 lease payment (4 payments total) at the beginning of each year. DTC's tax rate is 40%. Should the firm lease or buy? (a) $849 (b) $896 (c) $945 (d) $997 (e) $1,047 (Points: 20) 4. (TCO I) Suppose 90-day investments in Britain have a 6% annualized return and a 1. 5% quarterly (90-day) return. In the U. S. 90-day investments of similar risk have a 4% annualized return and a 1% quarterly (90-day) return. In the 90-day forward market, 1 British pound equals $1. 65. If interest rate parity holds, what is the spot exchange rate? (a) 1 pound = $1. 8000 (b) 1 pound = $1. 6582 (c) 1 pound = $1. 0000 (d) 1 pound = $0. 8500 (e) 1 pound = $0. 6031 (Points: 20) 1. (TCO C) D. Paul Inc. forecasts a capital budget of $725,000. The CFO wants to maintain a target capital struc ture of 45% debt and 55% equity, and it also wants to pay dividends of $500,000. If the company follows the residual dividend policy, how much income must it earn, and what will its dividend payout ratio be? Net Income Payout (a) $898,750 55. 63% (b) $943,688 58. 41% (c) $990,872 61. 43% (d) $1,040,415 64. 40% (e) $1,092,436 67. 62% (Points: 20) 2. (TCO F) Warren Corporation's stock sells for $42 per share. The company wants to sell some 20-year, annual interest, $1,000 par value bonds. Each bond would have 75 warrants attached to it, each exercisable into one share of stock at an exercise price of $47. The firm's straight bonds yield 10%. Each warrant is expected to have a market value of $2. 00 given that the stock sells for $42. What coupon interest rate must the company set on the bonds in order to sell the bonds-with-warrants at par? (a) 7. 83% (b) 8. 24% (c) 8. 65% (d) 9. 08% (e) 9. 54% (Points: 20) 3. (TCO B) Which of the following statements is CORRECT, holding other things constant? (a) Firms whose assets are relatively liquid tend to have relatively low bankruptcy costs, hence they tend to use relatively little debt. b) An increase in the personal tax rate is likely to increase the debt ratio of the average corporation. (c) If changes in the bankruptcy code make bankruptcy less costly to corporations, then this would likely reduce the debt ratio of the average corporation. (d) An increase in the company's degree of operating leverage is likely to encourage a company to use more debt in its capital structure. (e) An increase in the corporate tax rate is likely to encourage a company to use more debt in its capital structure. (Points: 20) 4. TCO G) Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Act is designed to do which of the following? (a) Protect shareholders against creditors. (b) Establish the rules of reorganization for firms with projected cash flows that eventually will be sufficient to meet debt payments. (c) Ensure that the firm is viable after emerging from bankruptcy. (d) Allow the firm to negotiate with each creditor individually. (e) Provide safeguards against the withdrawal of assets by the owners of the bankrupt firm and allow insolvent debtors to discharge all of their obligations and to start over unhampered by a burden of prior debt. . (TCO I) Suppose one British pound can purchase 1. 82 U. S. dollars today in the foreign exchange market, and currency forecasters predict that the U. S. dollar will depreciate by 12. 0% against the pound over the next 30 days. How many dollars will a pound buy in 30 days? (a) 1. 12 (b) 1. 63 (c) 1. 82 (d) 2. 04 (e) 3. 64 (Points: 20) 2. (TCO H) Which of the following statements about valuing a firm using the APV approach is most CORRECT? (a) The value of operations is calculated by discounting the horizon value, the tax shields, and the free cash flows at the cost of equity. b) The value of equity is calculated by discounting the horizon value, the tax shields, and the free cash flows at the cost of equity. (c) The value of operations is calculated by discounting the horizon value, the tax shields, and the free cash flows before the horizon date at the unlevered cost of equity. (d) The value of equity is calculated by discounting the horizon value and the free cash flows at the cost of equity. (e) The APV approach stands for the accounting pre-valuation approach. (Points: 20) 3. (TCO A) Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a) Put options give investors the right to buy a stock at a certain strike price before a specified date. (b) Call options give investors the right to sell a stock at a certain strike price before a specified date. (c) Options typically sell for less than their exercise value. (d) LEAPS are very short-term options that were created relatively recently and now trade in the market. (e) An option holder is not entitled to receive dividends unless he or she exercises their option before the stock goes ex dividend. (Points: 20) 4. (TCO F) A swap is a method used to reduce financial risk. Which of the following statements about swaps, if any, is NOT CORRECT? (a) A swap involves the exchange of cash payment obligations. (b) The earliest swaps were currency swaps, in which companies traded debt denominated in different currencies, say dollars and pounds. (c) Swaps are very often arranged by a financial intermediary, who may or may not take the position of one of the counterparties. (d) A problem with swaps is that no standardized contracts exist, which has prevented the development of a secondary market. (e) A company can swap fixed interest payments for floating interest payments. (Points: 20)

Human Nature in Lord of the Flies †Essay Essay

Authors often use their pieces of work and different literary elements to explain their philosophy on certain â€Å"ways of life† that humans possess. In Lord of the Flies, William Golding shows his view on human nature with his intense plotline of young boys getting stranded on a deserted island, trying to survive by themselves with limited resources, and then over time losing their sense of civilization. In the beginning the boys combine themselves under one, but as the story progresses, the boys create different opinions on survival thus creating divides in the group. This leads to several different altercations where the boys turn to behaviors that are barbaric. Throughout the book, Golding’s use of imagery portrayed the characters as cruel. It is through the description of their behaviors that Golding depicts a pessimistic view of human nature. Across the text, the author has several examples showing his pessimistic views, but above all the one factor that shows the brutality of mankind is Jack’s constant behavior towards Piggy. Golding writes in one disagreement, â€Å"He took a step, and able at last to hit someone, stuck his fist into Piggy’s stomach. Piggy sat down with a grunt† (Golding, 71). The two main opponents in this argument were Ralph and Jack, but yet when Piggy made one statement agreeing with Ralph, he got punched in his stomach which caused him to smash his glasses. This violence is continued throughout the book, and it is directed towards Piggy by the others who have forgotten how to respect one another. This quote illustrates Golding’s pessimistic views by describing the many ways humans lose their sense of right and wrong. Over time, Jack’s usual behavior becomes nasty and vicious which holds against the humane ways of the world now, and rather dates back to the natural nature of animals. The violence that Jack expresses from time to time also shows the cynical character he has turned into without humanity surrounding him. A second example pertaining to Golding’s view on human nature and the negativity it has is the way the littluns are treated in this book. In the novel, he explains, â€Å"Roger stooped, picked up a stone, aimed, and threw it at Henry† (Golding, 62). In other words, Roger an older boy decides to physically try and hurt a younger child for no reason. Golding tries to show that there must be something wrong with Roger to enjoy torturing Henry. His depiction of human nature is shown through the mental images the reader gets of the terror Henry is put through. Roger was determined to scare the little boy into tears without a valid reason of doing so, except for the fact that he had no discipline and was allowed to be so unruly. It shows that without the laws and rules of the society, the boys were acting like wilds animals. The last act of cruelty that depicts the pessimistic views of human nature was in the end when the boys were stripped of their humane qualities. Robert mutters, â€Å"He didn’t say. He got angry and made us tie Wilfred up† (Golding, 159). Jack had made the boys tie Wilfred up for no reason, and was planning to beat him up in front of all the other boys. He was going to use him as a toy and play with his life just because he felt like it. Jack’s cruel behavior towards Wilfred never had a reason and the other boys just let it go because they were scared for their own lives. The civilized thought of having value for other people’s life was absent from these boys’ mind, and rather the barbaric thought of inflicting pain was taking over. This example proves Golding’s view on human nature is pessimistic because he shows that at the core, these boys are evil and malevolent. Due to all of these examples of cruelty, the author suggests that human nature in fact is pessimistic and negative. In the novel, the good that society usually pushes upon the boys is not present and therefore the natural traits of humans are shown. The boys retrogress back into time, and become very brutal. With no manners or discipline, the boys are reacting in non positive ways creating a domino effect of bad events though out the whole book, until the end when they are finally rescued. Golding portrays a very melancholy look on humans and their innate behavior as he completely breaks down certain traits humans have worked for ages to build. As they continue to bring cruelty into their world, the boy lose civilization and the sugar coating it puts on mankind’s natural behavior. Golding breaks down these boys and shows the true core of human nature.

English and Spanish Relations With the Native Americans essays

English and Spanish Relations With the Native Americans essays The purpose of this paper is to prove that although both the English and the Spanish saw the natives as uncivilized and vulnerable savages; ultimately, the English, more so than the Spanish, took advantage of these characteristics to lead to bad relations with the Native Americans. Whereas the Spanish settlers, who forced Catholicism on the Pueblos and tried to obliterate Indian practices, ended their problems with hopes of peace, the English took over land with no effort at reconciliation with the Narragansett tribe. When the English first arrived in New England in the mid 1600's, they were much amused at the Indians responses to their European culture. The natives were impressed with European technology and soon expressed a desire to experience the new bits of customs that had arrived on their shores. When the English saw that the natives venerated them for their new and interesting technology as almost supernatural in basis, they perceived this as bond that would be carried throughout settlement. Similarly, good intentions were met in the southwest part of the land where the Spanish sent Franciscan friars into the area of New Mexico to spread the Catholic faith. Beginning their expanse, they were welcomed by the Pueblos mostly because they brought new crops and agricultural technologies that made life much simpler and industrious. Unlike the English Puritans, the Spanish missionaries did not see it necessary to force conversion on the natives. Camaraderie and good associations between the English and Native Americans did not last long. The Indians first noticed that the English had outstayed their welcome when tribes would complain of loss of land, grass, and trees. However, the English reacted no differently to the outlandishly different lifestyle of the natives. Early Massachusetts Bay settler, William Wood, went on to find fault with various aspects of the Indian routine, including treatment of Indian women...

Tolstoy and his message essays

Tolstoy and his message essays Leo Tolstoy is one of the greatest writers of the last two hundred years. His novels tend to convey an insight on life; whether it be about suffering, death, religion, art, or education. Tolstoy was a man with many strong beliefs, and one must understand these beliefs to fully understand the meaning of his works. He was a deeply religious moral philosopher who used his religious beliefs to shape our understanding on issues of life. He stresses the inequality of social classes and, as apparent in The Death of Ivan Ilyich, the suffering in life. Tolstoy was so strong in his beliefs that he actually attempted giving away his material possessions. He believed that that this practice was necessary to live in accordance with his moral and religious views. To fully grasp Tolstoys message, one must examine his views on religion, art, and life. Religion is the most important subject to look at with Tolstoy because it shapes his views on the other topics. He followed a list of religious principles that he found important during his life. These principles included avoiding anger and lust, neither taking oaths or resisting evil, and loving everyone including your enemies. Tolstoy found that these characteristics were displayed best in peasant life and not in the aristocracy. For this reason, he lived many years of his life dressing as a peasant and helping those who were less fortunate. He set up a school at his estate, Yasnaya Polyana, and chose not to indulge in the luxuries of life. His belief in his principles were so strong that he eventually spoke out against the Russian Orthodox which led to his excommunication in 1901. In his essay, What is Religion?, Tolstoy writes, True religion is that relationship, in accordance with reason and knowledge, which man establishes with the infinite world around him, and which binds h is life to that infinity and guides his actions (Reader p. 320). ...

Cunto es posible sacar la green card sin patrocinador

Cunto es posible sacar la green card sin patrocinador    Esto es una excepcià ³n ya que, en general, para conseguir visas de trabajo o la green card se necesita que un ciudadano americano, un residente permanente legal o una empresa americana patrocinen a un extranjero. Pero hay algunas excepciones como la de la EB-5 para inversionistas o, menos conocido pero ampliamente utilizado, del la EB-2 NIW. Quà © es la EB-2 NIW Es un camino hacia la green card sin patrocinador. En otras palabras, los interesados pueden aplicar por sà ­ mismos y no necesitan ni tener un familiar en Estados Unidos ni una oferta de trabajo. NIW significa National Interest Waiver, es decir, esta es una visa EB-2 con ciertas particularidades y en la que se conceden determinados privilegios por razà ³n del interà ©s nacional. Quà © profesionales o empresarios pueden aplicar para la green card sin patrocinador Las personas con estudios de postgraduado, como maestrà ­as o doctorados. O que sean licenciados y puedan demostrar experiencia laboral en su campo de especializacià ³n por un mà ­nimo de cinco aà ±os. Es importantà ­simo que los estudios sean necesarios para desempeà ±ar su ocupacià ³n. Por ejemplo: profesores de escuelas de primaria o secundaria o de universidad, mà ©dicos, cirujanos, abogados, ingenieros, arquitectos, etc. Los extranjeros que puedan demostrar que son profesionales excepcionales, superiores a la media en las Ciencias o en las Artes.Los empresarios excepcionales. En los dos à ºltimos casos el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a  (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) pide que se cumpla adems con tres de los requisitos siguientes: Diploma o certificado de una universidad o de una institucià ³n relativos con el campo en el que son excepcionales.Las titulaciones extranjeras debern homologarse. Cartas en las que se documente experiencia laboral por un mà ­nimo de diez aà ±os en el rea de especializacià ³n.Membresà ­a en asociaciones profesionales.Licencia para trabajar en esa profesià ³n.Prueba de los salarios recibidos, incluyendo pagos en especie. Deben mostrar el carcter excepcional de la labor realizada. Reconocimiento por parte de colegas, instituciones pà ºblicas, empresariales o profesionales de los logros profesionales o de aportaciones al campo de especializacià ³n.Se admitir cualquier otra prueba semejante que sirva de evidencia de la excepcionalidad profesional. Quà © es el interà ©s nacional en el contexto de la EB-2 NIW Debe entender como de interà ©s nacional las actividades que benefician a la economà ­a de Estados Unidos o a sus intereses culturales o educativos, o al bienestar general del paà ­s. El USCIS debe juzgar que efectivamente las aportaciones laborales que puede hacer el extranjero son substancialmente mayores que las que podrà ­a ofrecer un trabajador americano con las calificaciones mà ­nimas para desempeà ±ar ese trabajo. En el caso de los empresarios, el USCIS ha aclarado que la creacià ³n de empleo y el crecimiento econà ³mico – directo o indirecto- podrà ­an llegar a calificarse como que cumple la exigencia de interà ©s nacional. Quà © pasa si no se cumple con el requisito de interà ©s nacional No podrn auto patrocinarse para una green card. Sin embargo todavà ­a ser posible conseguir una siempre que: Se tenga una oferta de trabajo en la mano. Para conseguirlo hay que buscar trabajo (en inglà ©s)Una empresa o institucià ³n americana està © dispuesta a patrocinar una EB-2 simple. Es la parte patrocinadora quien debe empezar todo el trmite con la forma I-140.Se obtenga una certificacià ³n del Departamento de Trabajo, la forma a rellenar para obtenerla es la ETA-750. Familiares de personas que aplican por una EB-2 NIW La mujer o el marido y los hijos menores de 18 aà ±os podrn obtener una green card (visas E-21 y E-22). Trmites para conseguir la EB-2 NIW Solicitante en Estados Unidos Presentar ante la oficina del USCIS que corresponda la forma I-140 para que apruebe la peticià ³n de la green card y, al mismo tiempo, enviar debidamente cumplimentado el formulario I-485 para el ajuste de estatus. En la actualidad, la resolucià ³n sobre la aprobacià ³n de la peticià ³n suele tardar una media de cuatro meses. El ajuste de estatus, y con à ©l la tarjeta de residencia, se puede demorar entre seis meses y un aà ±o. Mientras se espera es posible solicitar un permiso de trabajo para el beneficiario y para su cà ³nyuge. Hay que destacar que las personas en situacià ³n de ilegalidad migratoria no pueden ajustar su estatus por esta causa. Solicitante fuera de Estados Unidos El proceso se inicia de igual manera: enviando al USCIS la forma I-140. Adems habr que enviar el formulario DS-230 para que una vez que se apruebe la solicitud los papeles (unos cuatro meses) estos se envà ­en a la oficina consular en el extranjero donde se tramitarn las green card para el solicitante y su familia. En casos de paà ­ses con un nà ºmero elevado de inmigrantes en Estados Unidos, como por ejemplo China o India Filipinas, o Mà ©xico, es posible que haya que esperar incluso aà ±os antes de poder completar todo el proceso. Ello se debe a que hay un là ­mite global anual de residencias que se pueden conceder por este motivo y un mximo de green cards de este tipo que se conceden por paà ­s. Para tener una estimacià ³n ms clara de cunto hay que esperar en el extranjero por la tarjeta de residencia una vez que se tiene la aprobacià ³n del USCIS lo mejor es consultar el Boletà ­n de Visas del Departamento de Estado.  (En ese enlace puedes ver hacia el final los tiempos de espera que aplican para este caso). Problemas, opciones y cosas que conviene saber Es posible que el USCIS no apruebe la solicitud de green card por cualquiera de estas causas que convierten a una persona en inadmisible en Estados Unidos. Las personas con habilidades excepcionales que no cumplen los requisitos para obtener una green card mediante patrocinio (EB-2) o sin patrocinio (EB-2 NIW) todavà ­a tienen opcià ³n para conseguir un visado. La visa O es la que aplica para estos casos. En el caso de emprendedores,  estas son 8 opciones de visa para crear una empresa en Estados Unidos. Adems, todas las personas que estn considerando la posibilidad de emigrar a los Estados Unidos pueden ahorrarse muchas sorpresas y problemas si se familiarizan e informan cuanto antes sobre aspectos migratorios y legales del paà ­s. Finalmente, se recomienda tomar este  trivial o test- para asegurar saber  cà ³mo conseguir la tarjeta de residencia  y cà ³mo conservarla. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Discuss your Understanding of the pros and cons of MRPII systems, Essay

Discuss your Understanding of the pros and cons of MRPII systems, citing at least two Web sources. How could any new system be better than an MRPII system - Essay Example es and processes information for effective decision making in scheduling, designing, inventory management and cost control in the business (Goddard, 1993). MRP II is a computer-based scheme that generates detailed production schedules using real time data to harmonize the influx of constituent resources. It is commonly used by itself, but also with the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. The MRP II system does have pros and cons which are elaborated subsequently (Goddard, 1993). The Manufacturing Resource Planning II promotes improved consistency in-on-time customer delivery and enhances inventory reductions of one-fourth to one-third. Also, there is elevated inventory turnover decline in purchasing costs because of fewer expedited shipments. Lastly, it minimizes of workforce overtime (Goddard, 1993). The cons of MRP II are centered on the fact that all of the preceding planning before creation can be based on disingenuous data and decelerate the production process itself. As unanticipated changes occur, the planning process ought to be recalculated from the start, which can cause wastefulness if feedback about drawbacks is not supplied on a well-timed, regular basis (Goddard, 1993). In conclusion, the current MRP II system takes time to put up and implement and so a new system will be better. Some recent MRP II systems have integrated limited decision making support functionality, whereas the business is moving to a newer age band of a stable, comprehensive technology, and risk is relatively low (Murgiano,

Private and Public Entity Risk Management Essay

Private and Public Entity Risk Management - Essay Example Like many of it is counter-parts the Minnesota state government has largely ignored the vital role played by risk management in achieving both operational and strategic objectives. The trend was simultaneously aped by also other state affiliated entities such as quasi-government owned corporations and also city councils entities have embraced risk management. Less than 44% of aggregate public Only in recent times there has been an almost immediate and appreciation of risk management knowhow. Formerly traces of public entities embracing aspects of risk management were only evident in the national health insurance policies (personal risk) for their citizens. Recent times have seen public entities aware of other forms of risk currently and previously adopted by their private sector allies such as: †¢ Strategic risk. Enabling government entities to manage current and future threat while leveraging on opportunities embedded in their strategic goals and objectives †¢ Operational risk. Associated with the day to day running of government institutions such as efficiency and integration in core departments such as procurement, auditing and compliance. †¢ Reputational risk. Like in the private sector goodwill is highly valued, any damage to the state reputation will lead to significant decrease to net valuation of the entity. The causes have been more vital through the emergence of social media where information is transferred by the click of a button. Less than 44% of aggregate public of risk management knowhow.

Political Economy of the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Economy of the European Union - Essay Example It has build up a role inforeign policy, and represents its members in theWorld Trade Organization, atG8summits and at theUnited Nations. Twenty-one EU nations are part ofNATO. It has also taken up a responsibility in justice and home affairs, which includes the elimination of passport control between many member nations under theSchengen Agreement. (Alan, 2007) The EU functions through a hybrid mechanism ofintergovernmentalismandsupranationalism. In particular areas it relies on agreement among the member states. However, it also possesses supranational bodies, thus is competent to make judgments without agreement between each and every national governments. Among the prominent institutions and bodies of the EU are theEuropean Commission, theEuropean Parliament, theCouncil of the European Union, theEuropean Council, theEuropean Court of Justice,and theEuropean Central Bank. In every five years, the Parliament is elected by the EU citizens. Origins of the EU go back to the formation of theEuropean Coal and Steel Community,formed among six countries in 1951 and theTreaty of Romein 1957. Thereafter the EU has expanded in size via accession of new associate states, and in authority by adding new policy areas to its remit. (Richard, 2006) Subsequent to theSecond World War, efforts made towards European integration were viewed as a get away approach from the intense forms of nationalism, which had ravaged the continent.Theformation of the European Coal and Steel Community was among one such attempt to bring together Europeans. While having the unassuming aim of federal control of the formerly national coal and steel industries of its member nations, it was stated to be "a first step in the federation of Europe".The founding members of the Community wereBelgium,France,Italy,Luxembourg, theNetherlandsandWest Germany. Thereafter the history of Europe saw the establishment of European Economic Community(EEC) ascertaining acustoms unionand theEuropean Atomic Energy Community(Euratom) for cooperation in developingnuclear energy. In 1967, the Merger Treaty provided for the amalgamation of these communities collectively referred to as European Communities, which popularly were termed as European Community. (Ben, 2000) In 1973 incorporation of Denmark,Irelandand theUnited Kingdom enlarged the communities. In 1979, thefirst autonomous electionsto the European Parliament were held. The 80s saw the incorporation of Greece,SpainandPortugal. In 1990, the previousEast Germanyembodied the Community under newly united Germany. The European Union was officially instituted when theMaastricht Treatywas enacted upon on 1 November 1993. Presently, the European Union comprises 27independentsovereignnationsknown as member states: Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Cyprus, theCzech Republic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta, theNetherlands,Poland,Portugal,Romania, Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden, and theUnited Kingdom. (Alan, 2007) The EU is habitually portrayed as being separated into three divisions of responsibility, calledpillars. The original European Community principles form the first pillar, while the second beingCommon

To Have or To Be by Erich Fromm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

To Have or To Be by Erich Fromm - Essay Example The problem with the â€Å"having† mode is that the greed for money and possession can never be satisfied no matter how much has acquired. People will always use dubious means to get more; including the exploitation of fellow human beings. â€Å"The ordinary man with extraordinary power is the chief danger for mankind† Fromm, (67). There is always a cut-throat competition among members of society in getting more possession. And when one has acquired a certain amount of riches, he is struck by paranoia. He or she is in a constant state of fear that the property may be stolen or that death may come so soon. Unlike the â€Å"having† mode, the â€Å"being† mode is quite a stationary state in life. Here, man does not really seem to toil for money and other materialistic things of the world. Man is satisfied with the intangible aspects of life such as peace and harmony. He adores love as the only source of joy: â€Å"Love is the only sane and satisfactory answer to the problems of human† (Fromm, 70). He can get pleasure without using money. In fact, everything is a source of his happiness, depending on the perception. The individuals in this state are selfless and can freely share whatever little they have. To them, all the worldly things are meaningless and perishable. Therefore, they see no great deal in investing in material things. The problem with the â€Å"being† mode is that an individual may be isolated from the modern society whose most members are in the â€Å"having† mode. Since the pleasure of the people in this mode is free, they may sometime s misuse this freedom. The problem with â€Å"industrial religion† is that it is economic oriented and enslaves its followers by work. According the ancient religion was viewed as matriarchal where; the church was full of unconditional love and mercy. However, the modern churches are viewed as patriarchal; justice is the order of the day. Fromm states, â€Å"The deepest desire of the human

Corporate governance and social responsibility investment Essay

Corporate governance and social responsibility investment - Essay Example It is conceivably foreseeable that crises lead to calls for improved regulation of business actors, such as the debate over the world economic predicament. Nevertheless, such methodical crises are unusual. On the other hand, company failure following a wrongdoing is a more frequent occurrence. For illustration, Maxwell and BCCI in the UK, WorldCom and Enron in the United States and Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank of Germany are examples of corporations that have collapsed as a result of wrongdoing. Such corporate scandals have resulted in the establishment and improvement of company governance codes, which are put in place to monitor corporate conduct generally, and act of corporate directors in specificity (London stock exchange, 2012). The codes are either wholly voluntary such as the financial reporting council of 2008 in the United Kingdom, or a mixture of legal and voluntary elements like the 2008 German code. As thus, they may be taken as apparatus of flexible law or a mixture of soft and inflexible law. Within the code elements, individual rules might be flexible or rigid. Advocates of flexible law of explanation assert that it has fundamental flexibility, which is not present in rigid laws and the aspiration to conform to societal norms yields indisputable observance. Flexible laws are the rules of conduct that have no lawful obligatory force, which may have practical upshots. Though corporations and their directors may opt to conform or not match flexible law, a generally held supposition is that actions are more likely to be consistent with codified regulation and declarations of best practice. Since flexible law is not lawfully obligatory, its execution has to solely rest on the goodwill of those agreeing to and affected by it. Apparently, where such goodwill is not present, flexible law may result in flexible observance. Where benevolence and the aspiration to conform subsist, conformance may not be the most practicable alternative for corporations and their directors. They may set out that the doctrine supporting a specific regulation on bets practice will be best served by non-conforming. In addition, they might be safeguarded from conforming for reasons beyond their control (The European voice of directors, 2012; Australian council of super investors, 2010). The use of prudence to establish conformance or non-conformance may be helpful to both regulators and the regulatees. Comply or explain may assume several forms. Compliance means severe observance to every detail of the rule or to the primary rule, or both. Germany advocates the formation of an audit committee to act as the oversight of the entire audit process in a large company. Non conformance is commonly warranted by the resort to firm-or industry level specifics, or against the judgment of definite code terms. The flexibility of the laws, that is, â€Å"explain† might lead to corporate scandal and eventual collapse. For illustration, the yearly report by th e Hypoereinsbank (Germany) vindicated its non-conformance (explain) with the certain rules necessitating that directors’ and officers’ responsibility insurance has a deductible with the plain statement: â€Å"responsible act is an understood obligations of the members, no deductible is needed for that. In the same

Analyse Hitlers speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyse Hitlers speech - Essay Example Correctly estimating the Western Power’s reluctance to face another war, Hitler combined a series of brilliant and opportunistic strategic alliances with bold territorial acquisitions to further his aims. In 1935, Hitler began the remilitarization of Germany. This was endorsed by Great Britain, which entered into the Anglo-German Naval agreement of 1936. In the same year, Hitler formed the Axis with Italy and Japan. He exploited the resentment of the German public towards what they considered to be the unfair terms of the Treaty of Versailles to carry them along with him. A long series of provocative measures, such as Germany’s annexation of the Rhineland in March 1936, the takeover of Austria in the Anschluss of March 1938 and the annexation of the Sudetenland in September 1938, culminated in the invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 (History World web site, n.d.). In the course of all these rapidly unfolding developments, Poland remained a crucial factor in Hitlerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s calculations. The document under study is an extract from the text of the speech given by Adolf Hitler to the Reichstag, or German Parliament, on 28 April 1939. Hitler’s tone regarding German-Polish relations is belligerent in the extreme. He begins by invoking the German perception of the unfairness of the Treaty of Versailles which ended World War I. According to the terms of this treaty, the German Army and Navy were limited to a token force and her Air Force was completely disbanded. Germany’s colonies were appropriated by the victorious Allies as the spoils of war. War reparations of 33 billion dollars were imposed on Germany. These terms rankled in the German psyche and were exploited by Hitler to drum up public support for his aggressive policies. A very contentious issue was the establishment of a Polish Corridor which provided Poland with access to the Baltic Sea, by linking Poland to

Corporate governance and social responsibility investment Essay

Corporate governance and social responsibility investment - Essay Example It is conceivably foreseeable that crises lead to calls for improved regulation of business actors, such as the debate over the world economic predicament. Nevertheless, such methodical crises are unusual. On the other hand, company failure following a wrongdoing is a more frequent occurrence. For illustration, Maxwell and BCCI in the UK, WorldCom and Enron in the United States and Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank of Germany are examples of corporations that have collapsed as a result of wrongdoing. Such corporate scandals have resulted in the establishment and improvement of company governance codes, which are put in place to monitor corporate conduct generally, and act of corporate directors in specificity (London stock exchange, 2012). The codes are either wholly voluntary such as the financial reporting council of 2008 in the United Kingdom, or a mixture of legal and voluntary elements like the 2008 German code. As thus, they may be taken as apparatus of flexible law or a mixture of soft and inflexible law. Within the code elements, individual rules might be flexible or rigid. Advocates of flexible law of explanation assert that it has fundamental flexibility, which is not present in rigid laws and the aspiration to conform to societal norms yields indisputable observance. Flexible laws are the rules of conduct that have no lawful obligatory force, which may have practical upshots. Though corporations and their directors may opt to conform or not match flexible law, a generally held supposition is that actions are more likely to be consistent with codified regulation and declarations of best practice. Since flexible law is not lawfully obligatory, its execution has to solely rest on the goodwill of those agreeing to and affected by it. Apparently, where such goodwill is not present, flexible law may result in flexible observance. Where benevolence and the aspiration to conform subsist, conformance may not be the most practicable alternative for corporations and their directors. They may set out that the doctrine supporting a specific regulation on bets practice will be best served by non-conforming. In addition, they might be safeguarded from conforming for reasons beyond their control (The European voice of directors, 2012; Australian council of super investors, 2010). The use of prudence to establish conformance or non-conformance may be helpful to both regulators and the regulatees. Comply or explain may assume several forms. Compliance means severe observance to every detail of the rule or to the primary rule, or both. Germany advocates the formation of an audit committee to act as the oversight of the entire audit process in a large company. Non conformance is commonly warranted by the resort to firm-or industry level specifics, or against the judgment of definite code terms. The flexibility of the laws, that is, â€Å"explain† might lead to corporate scandal and eventual collapse. For illustration, the yearly report by th e Hypoereinsbank (Germany) vindicated its non-conformance (explain) with the certain rules necessitating that directors’ and officers’ responsibility insurance has a deductible with the plain statement: â€Å"responsible act is an understood obligations of the members, no deductible is needed for that. In the same

Persuasive Essay Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Essay Essay When you rummage through your refrigerator what do you seek? A bag of chips, a fruity flavored yogurt, some buttery popcorn? Whatever it is, it all fills you up. Whether it is with a junky treat or something partially healthy. Whatever you choose, it impacts you. It affects the way you sleep, the energy you have, and your blood sugar. So the little discussion of picking a chocolate bar and an apple impacts you greatly in the long run. This is why you should start making healthier choices now when you are still growing. I must admit it is easier for me to choose eating junk food. It may seem yummy and delicious, but its not. Almost every single piece of junk food is either full with fat or artificial flavorings. Did you know that the McDonalds fries contain 610 calories and 29 grams of fat? If you ate a Burger King, meal that contains 1,800 calories, it would take you nearly 6 hours of intense bicycle riding to burn away the calories. The average American kid eats at McDonalds at least one time each month. Teenagers drink around the average of 760 cans of soda per year. And not only does junk food just add fat and other unwanted substances to your body, it also harms you. Obesity is the second cause of death in America. The consumption of sodas has increased the risk of diabetes. Junk food is the major cause of most heart diseases or failures. Junk food causes high cholesterol, which causes long-term damage to your liver. Wow, pretty scary right? Ways to decrease junk food consumption would be the next time when you are rummaging through your refrigerator stop and choose the vegetable section. Pick a banana, or apple. Or leave junk food off-limits until special days or weekends. There are multiple ways, but the biggest way is the next time something sugary is about to go into your mouth, stop and think about all the negative sides. Because not only does junk food affect your weight, it affects your future.

Natural Language and Programming Language

Natural Language and Programming Language Programming Language Natural language such as English is the language, which is spoken and written for communication. The natural language consists of syntax, semantics, phonetics, etc. All natural languages have some fundamental rules, which are based on the structure of grammar. These grammatical rules are used by people in communication. Programming languages are used for developing computer programs, which enable a computer to perform some operations. The structure of these languages is based on some syntactic and semantic rules. Context-free, lexical and syntactic grammar may be used in Java programming (Dubey, 2006). The differences in the grammar of high level programming languages (e.g. Java) and natural language (e.g. English) are as follows: Natural languages are used for communication between people and programming languages enable human to interact with machines. Programming languages need a high degree of expertise, completeness and precision because computer can not think outside the statement while in speaking, some minor errors are ignored. The programming language syntax is not based on natural language grammar. Thus, the main difference in the grammar of high level language (Java) and natural language (English) is that natural language may be informal in speaking but not in written communication while the grammar of programming language follows specific syntax. Compiler A compiler is a specific computer program that converts the statements written in any high level (such as C, C++, etc) into the language that computer can understand, i.e. machine level language. The original program, which needs to be converted, is known as the source code and the generated machine language program is known as object code. The reason to convert a high level language program into machine code is to make an executable program. The operations performed by a compiler are: lexical analysis, preprocessing, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation and code optimization. Compilers are classified as native or cross compilers. The output of native compiler runs on the computer and operating system where the compiler is running and the output of cross compiler can be run on different platforms. Cross platform compilers are used for embedded systems (Aho, Sethi Ullman, 1986). The compiler group inputs characters into tokens because the original text can not be used by the data structure and it is very necessary to convert the source code into tokens. It makes the source code understandable for the computer. For example, an expression of ‘C’ language: sum=2+3; would be converted into tokens (such as ‘sum’ into IDENT, ‘=’ into ASSIGN_OP, ‘2’ into NUMBER, ‘+’ into ADD_OP, ‘3’ into NUMBER and ‘;’ into SEMICOLON). The compilation process analyses the syntax of programming language. Syntax analysis is further divided into tokenizing (grouping of input characters into tokens) and parsing (attempting to match the tokens to the syntax rules). In the process of compilation, lexical analyzer reads the source code and groups them into tokens (Ivantsov, 2008). A token is a categorized block of text (lexeme). Each token is a single unit of language, for example symbol name, keyword or an identifier. The lexical analyzer processes these lexemes according to their function by providing them meaning. This process is known as tokenization. After tokenizing, the tokens are sent for some other form of processing. The process may be considered a sub-task of parsing input. Parsing is the process of analyzing token sequence with respect to grammatical structure. Now, the data may be loaded for compilation. Thus, the compiler is a computer program, which converts the source code into machine readable form. This compilation process passes through various steps like lexical analysis, tokens, parser, etc. and makes the code available for the computer. References Aho, A. V., Sethi R. Ullman, J.D. (1986). Compilers: Princiles, Techniques, and Tools. New York: Addison-Wesley Dubey, A. (2006, December). Goodness criteria for programming language grammar rules. ACM SIGPLAN . 41(12), 44-53. Ivantsov, R. (2008, January 3). Irony .NET Compiler Construction Kit. Retrieved July 22, 2008, from http://www.codeproject.com/KB/recipes/Irony.aspx

The Collapse of the Greenland Norse Essay -- european history

In Jared Diamond’s novel 'Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed' he discusses many civilizations that moved away from their homelands, grew in population, and then either failed or succeeded in their new environments. Throughout this essay I will attempt to explain the Collapse of the Greenland Norse, one of the many societies to rise and fall. The Greenland Norse faced multiple challenges including economical, agricultural, and unfriendly neighbors. Alongside Greenland other North Atlantic islands faced geographical challenges that lead to some of their falls as well. Yet, first I will discuss why the Norse left Scandinavia in search of new terrain. Similarly to other expansions the Norse, also known as Vikings, expansion was most likely caused by what’s commonly known as â€Å"push/pull† triggers. â€Å"Push† means that the population pressure lead to a lack of opportunities in their homeland while â€Å"pull† represents good opportunities and empty areas to colonize elsewhere (Collapse pg. 185). Another reason for their sudden expansion is autocatalytic process. For the Norse two very distinct events set of this type of process: one was that in A.D. 793 a raid took place in Lindisfarne Monastery yielding a rich haul of booty that lead to even larger yields in following years and the second reason being the discovery of the unpopulated Faeroe Islands lead to the finding of larger, more distant islands (Collapse pg. 186). Even though the islands looked promising the Norse soon found out otherwise as the geographical environments posed many problems. For instance, Orkneys which lays in the Gulf Stream was perhaps their most successful island as it enjoyed mild climates and allowed for great agricultural production, but on... ...the Norse (Collapse pg. 255). Furthermore, the Inuit was able to outlive the Norse due to their advanced fishing skills that the Norse refused to learn from their neighbors largely in part to religion. In the end though it was the Norse’s decision to refrain from eating fish, ringed seals, and whales that potentially could have saved them from collapse (Collapse pg. 274). Even though the Greenland Norse only survived for four hundred and fifty years they weren’t necessarily failures. After all their unique European society was able to survive longer than we’ve been able to survive here in America (Collapse pg. 276). If we, American’s, don’t learn from others past are we doomed to follow in their footsteps? In my opinion, the answer is yes, but hopefully we’ll be able to turn the tides before its too late and we fall into collapse like so many other societies.

Letter To The Editor About the Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

To the Editor: Working conditions today are usually good and pretty safe, right? That’s what we know, is that all factories are safe, that all of the laws are followed, and that everything is great. Look at what you are wearing today, maybe a jacket mad in the U.S., a t-shirt made in Malaysia, jeans made in Mexico, and socks made in China. To stay competitive, large companies contract out to manufacturers all over the world to buy at the lowest possible costs. This often ends in horrible working conditions for factory workers who make our clothing, both in other countries, and right here in the United States. I thought that the working conditions were perfectly fine here in the U.S. until my eyes were opened by the articles that I read on the internet and in books. In the beginning of the Industrial Revolution had a considerable effect on the working conditions of workers. A large labor surplus led to very low wages, and intense competition lowered the profit boundaries of industrialists. Industries such as the cotton trade were especially hard for workers to endure long hours of labor. The workplace was very hot, and the steam engines contributed further to the heat. Workers were exposed to the moving parts of the machines while they worked. Children often had to move in between these dangerous machines while they worked because they were small enough to fit between the tightly packed machinery. This led to the kids being put in a great deal of danger, and the death rates were very high. Added to the dangers of the work was the length. It was common for workers to work 12 hours or more a day. Exhaustion made the worker sluggish, which made the workplace even more dangerous. In 1819, the Factory Act was passed to limit the hours worked by children to a maximum of 12 hours a day. Then in 1833 another Factory Act was passed that banned children under 9 from working in the textiles industry and 10-13 year olds limited to a 48-hour week. In 1844 yet another was passed that set a maximum of 12 hours work per day for women. Then in 1847, that decreased to 10 hours work per day for women and children. The Factory Act of 1850 increased the hours worked by women and children to 10 Â ½ hours a day, but they were not allowed to work before 6 am or after 6 pm.

Nucor Case

NUCOR MEMORANDUM To: F. Kenneth Iverson and Management Team of Nucor Corporation CC: AGSM Faculty Teams Subject: Investment Decision Date: 04/22/2009 From: 1713898 The Situation In 1986, flat sheet segment contained 52% of US total steel market1. Nucor Corporation, which is a steel minimill well-known for its leadership, efficient operation and well-structured compensation, is showing the interest in the flat sheet segment. At the same time, there are many new thin-slab casting technologies to help minimills enter the new market quickly and cost-efficiently. One of them is from German firm, SMS Schloemann-Siemag, who has consistently introduced its unique technology, Compact Strip Production (CSP), to Nucor. As the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Nucor, F. Kenneth Iverson has to make a decision on whether Nucor should go for CSP plant developed by SMS. The Issue The most salient issue than concerns Nucor and its management team right now is – What is the best strategy for Nucor to target the flat sheet segment? Alternatives 1. Go for CSP plant: Obviously, the most important reason for Nucor to buy CSP technology is that Nucor could take advantage of the huge opportunity of entering flat-sheet market. As the pioneer of CSP application, Nucor would have 2 to 3 years head start to utilize its technology advantage in order to secure a desired market share. Consequently, CSP will help Nucor to achieve its long-term vision: to target the high end of flat-sheet market. The competition of the low end of flatsheet market is increasing due to the interest of many minimills and the low price products of overseas competitors. Aiming at the high end segment is a wise strategy because the high end segment is expected to bring more profits and help Nucor to grow consistently in future. 1 Exhibit 2 – Steel Mill Product Segments: 1986, page 15 of the case 1 However, going for CSP plant option exposes many disadvantages as well. First of all, without expertise in flat-sheet products, Nucor will be not in a good position to compete fairly to expert players. Subsequently, Nucor will face difficulties in new plant operation and possibly be outpaced by integrated mills adopting CSP. Secondly, the resource constraints will not favor CSP. Sharing resources between CSP and the joint venture with Yamato Kogyo might bring in a risk of not enough capital or even worse, bankruptcy. Last but not least, uncertainty of technology is another major concern. The possibility of new plant’s obsoleteness is there and Nucor clearly does not want to pay a huge sunk cost just because it is the pioneer. 2. Not to go for CSP plant: By not going for CSP, Nucor can apply wait-and-see strategy. It allows Nucor more time to watchfully define the target market and wait for a matured and proven thin-slab casting technology. By that, Nucor will be able to avoid a huge sunk cost. Next, Nucor could utilize the resource on the joint venture with Yamato Kogyo. Hence, the risk of capital shortness will be eliminated. In the other hand, Nucor will let go a significant opportunity to capture some shares of flat-sheet market. It might not affect Nucor in short-term. However, in the long-term, assuming many steel producers adopting successfully CSP or other thin-slab casting technologies, Nucor will be pushed to a bad position to compete over. Also, it will take even more time and resource for Nucor to catch up. Recommendation The first alternative is strongly recommended because of the following three reasons. First, even though money is an issue, it is not a big issue for Nucor. With $185 million in cash and short-term securities on hand together with the ability to issue corporate longterm bond2, Nucor is completed able to fund CSP with a strict financial management. Secondly, CSP project is showing a good cashflow even in the case of CSP’s obsoleteness. Assuming that new CSP plant is operating at 100% capacity or 1 million ton per year, Nucor will get hold of 2. 76% of flat sheet market3, which is reasonable. From a simple projection4, new CSP plant is showing a positive cashflow with NPV = $141. 55 mil, IRR = 19%, and payback period = 4. 34 years. Thirdly, the argument that Nucor should not go to flat-sheet market because of its lacking experience is not convincing. Unless Nucor does not want to enter flat-sheet market, the earlier Nucor enter flat-sheet market, the faster it will learn and the better it will sustain in future. Second-last paragraph, page 14 of the case Appendix 3 4 Appendix 4 2 3 2 Appendices 1. SWOT analysis Strengths Leadership Efficient operation Well-structured compensation Culture Weakness Resource constraint No experience in flat sheet product Opportunities Enter flat sheet market Pioneer in thin-slab casting technology Threats Uncertainty about technology Competition, possibly be outpaced by integrated mills adopting CSP . Porter five forces analysis5 The threat of substitute products – buyer propensity to substitute – relative price performance of substitutes – buyer switching costs – perceived level of product differentiation The threat of the entry of new competitors – Existence of barriers to entry (patents, right, etc. ) – economies of product differences – brand equi ty – switching cost or sunk cost – capital requirements – access to distribution – absolute cost advantages – learning curve advantages – expected retaliation by incumbents – government policies The intensity of competitive rivalry 5 MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM HIGH MODERATELY HIGH LOW LOW http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Porter_5_forces_analysis 3 numbers of competitors rate of industry growth intermittent industry overcapacity exit barriers diversity of competitors informational complexity and asymmetry – fixed cost allocation per value added – level of advertising expense – Economies of scale – sustainable competitive advantage through improvisation The bargaining power of customers – buyer concentration to firm concentration ratio – degree of dependency upon existing channels of istribution – bargaining leverage – buyer volume – buyer switching costs relative to firm switching costs – buyer information availability – ability to backward integrate – availability of existing substitute products – buyer price sensitivity – differential advantage (uniqueness) of industry prod ucts – RFM (Regency + Frequency + Monetary Value) analysis The bargaining power of suppliers – supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costs – degree of differentiation of inputs – presence of substitute inputs – supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio – employee solidarity (e. . labor unions) – threat of forward integration by suppliers relative to the threat of backward integration by firms – cost of inputs relative to selling price of the product – MEDIUM MEDIUM – HIGH MEDIUM LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LOW LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM – MEDIUM 4 3. Estimation of market share of a full capacity CSP plant Total flat sheet segment 36. 6 CSP full capacity 17 Market share of Nucor's CSP plant with 100% capacity 2. 76% Unit: millions of ton 4. CSP plant’s cash flow with assumption: discount rate = 10%, constant cashflow Cashflow per year Total Cost per ton8 8 Revenues per ton Profit per ton Shipment (millions of ton)7 Total Profit per year Hot-rolled (HR) 225 306. 5 81. 5 0. 5 40,750,000. 00 Cold-rolled (CR) 283 390. 5 107. 5 0. 35 37,625,000. 00 Both HR & CR 78,375,000. 00 Cashflow in 10-year opportunity window Discount rate Year Cashflow 10% 0 -340 Unit 1 78. 37 2 78. 37 3 78. 37 4 78. 37 5 78. 37 6 78. 37 7 78. 37 8 78. 37 9 78. 37 $ mil 10 78. 37 NPV IRR Payback period 141. 55 19% 4. 34 $ mil year 6 Exhibit 2 – Steel Mill Product Segments: 1986, page 15 of the case Exhibit 12A – Construction Costs for Flat-Rolled Product Plants: 1986, page 22 of the case 8 Exhibit 12B – Comparative Operating Data for Flat-Rolled Product Plants: 1986, page 22 of the case 7 5 Nucor Case NUCOR CASE In this analysis we use the Net present value to consider if Nucor should invest in the new technology called: thin slab minimill. NPV is really useful in order to make this kind of decision because it uses the concept of future cash value to evaluate whether the investment is worth, however the NPV is sometimes difficult to calculate because it is not always easy to estimate future cash flow.Considering the assumption I made in the first part of the spread sheet, the thin slab project doesn’t appear to be a wise investment for Nucor because the future cash flows at the present value are less than the initial cost of the investment. Comparing the NPV of the three different scenarios it is evident that the best option for Iverson is to continue whit the unmodernized process. The first consideration about to undertake the investment is based on particular assumptions about the future, if we change those the result of the decision could also change.Due to the fluctuati on of the market is difficult to make the right assumptions and this is why to calculate the NPV is not easy. For instance if we changed the discount rate and we lower it below the IRR, the resulting NPV will be positive and this case to invest in the new technology could be a profitable decision. We can also change the steel price rate keeping the cost rate constant, if it is increased enough the NPV could result positive, at the same time if we reduce cost rate keeping the price rate constant we can find an equal result.Regarding the real option analysis if Nucor decides to wait it is unlikely that another will decide to make this kind of investment first. The follow strategy could be a wise decision for Nucor, because the NPV is slightly negative so the management could decide to undertake this investment in order to gain experience and subsequently use that experience for other plants so this initial price could generate future opportunities.

Use Of Bone Marrow Transplants Health And Social Care Essay

The bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue found in the centre of certain castanetss that contains root cells that are the precursors of ruddy blood cells ( red blood cells ) that carry O to the tissues in the organic structure, white blood cells ( leucocytes ) that aid battle infections and to assistance in the immune system and thrombocytes which help with blood curdling. Each of these cells plays a important function in the organic structure by keeping normal physiological map. The bone marrow is a critical portion of the human organic structure. A bone marrow graft is when particular cells ( called root cells ) that are usually found in the bone marrow are taken out, filtered, and given back either to the same individual or to another individual. It involves pull outing bone marrow incorporating normal root cells or peripheral root cells from a healthy giver, and reassigning it to a receiver whose organic structure can non fabricate proper measures of normal blood cells. Infusion of haematopoietic root cells from oneself or another individual normally follows high dose chemotherapy and/or irradiation. The end of the graft is to reconstruct the receiver ‘s blood cells and immune system and hopefully bring around the implicit in disease In patients with leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, and some immune lack diseases, the root cells in the bone marrow have malfunction, bring forthing an inordinate figure of faulty or immature blood cells as in the instance of leukaemia or low blood cell counts in the instance of aplastic anaemia. The immature or faulty blood cells interfere with the production of normal blood cells, accumulate in the blood stream and may occupy other tissues so bone marrow graft enables the doctors to handle these diseases with aggressive chemotherapy and/or radiation by leting replacing of the morbid or damaged bone marrow after the chemotherapy/radiation intervention. While bone marrow grafts do non supply 100 per centum confidence that the disease will non repeat, a graft can increase the likeliness of a remedy or at least prolong the period of disease-free endurance for many patients. Bone marrow organ transplant is an effectual intervention for a assortment of haematological tumors, furnace lining lymphoma, and some solid tumours. An increasing figure of bone marrow grafts are performed every twelvemonth. The therapy has been used to rectify a assortment of marrow failure provinces, congenital mistakes of metamorphosis, immune lacks, haematological malignances, and even solid tumours. The first successful grafts were performed with root cells derived from the marrow of indistinguishable twins ( syngeneic organ transplant ) ; nevertheless, application of organ transplant therapy broadened with the usage of root cells obtained from either related or unrelated givers ( allogeneic organ transplant ) appropriately matched at the human leucocyte antigens ( HLA ) , or even with a patient ‘s ain root cells ( autologous organ transplant. Deciding on type of BMT depends on type and phase of disease, handiness of root cells, age, public presentation position and the c linical status of patient Bone marrow organ transplant is required in the sense that is to remedies many diseases and malignant neoplastic diseases. When a kid ‘s bone marrow has been damaged or destroyed due to a disease or intense interventions of radiation or chemotherapy for malignant neoplastic disease, a marrow graft may be needed to rectify the abnormalcy. It is besides required to replace morbid, non-functioning bone marrow with healthy working bone marrow ( for conditions such as leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, and reaping hook cell anaemia ) . It is besides indispensable to replace the bone marrow and reconstruct its normal map after high doses of chemotherapy or radiation are given to handle a malignance in a procedure called â€Å" deliverance † which is usually used for diseases such as lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and chest malignant neoplastic disease. The procedure is besides of import in the replacing of bone marrow with genetically healthy working bone marrow to forestall farther harm from a familial disease procedure. Literature reappraisal Bone marrow organ transplant ( BMT ) or haematopoietic root cell organ transplant ( HSCT ) is a medical process in the field of haematology and oncology that involves organ transplant of haematopoietic root cells ( HSC ) .It is most frequently performed for people with diseases of the blood or bone marrow, or certain types of malignant neoplastic disease. Transplant of either allogenic or autologous bone marrow has become an progressively applied and successful therapy for patients with haematological malignances and certain solid tumours. BMT is an illustration of a extremely proficient therapy that offers hope to patients with bone marrow failure or assorted malignances. Bone marrow organ transplant is much more dearly-won â€Å" up-front † but possibly non more dearly-won long-run than alternate therapies. Over the past 40 old ages, bone marrow organ transplant and haematopoietic root cell organ transplant have been used with increasing frequence to handle legion malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Post-World War II â€Å" Cold War † frights of atomic warfare stimulated involvement in the effects of radiation on the human organic structure. Early surveies with animate beings has shown that bone marrow was the organ most sensitive to the detrimental effects of radiation and for that ground the reinfusion of marrow cells was used to deliver lethally irradiated animate beings. In one survey done in 1950s, patients were given deadly doses of radiation to handle leukaemia and many had haematological recovery following this intervention, but finally all patients succumbed to get worse of their malignances or to infections. In the 1950s and 1960s, about 200 allogeneic marrow grafts were performed in worlds, with no long-run successes. However, during this clip, organ transplant utiliz ing indistinguishable twin givers has brought a just sum of success and provided a important foundation to go on clinical research in the field. Hematopoietic root cell organ transplant remains a hazardous process with many possible complications ; it has traditionally been reserved for patients with dangerous diseases. While on occasion used by experimentation in nonmalignant and nonhematologic indicants such as terrible disenabling auto-immune disease and cardiovascular, the hazard of fatal complications appears excessively high to derive wider credence. Although economic analyses appear comparatively simple, reading and usage can be debatable. Several economic analyses have identified complications that occur often and impact the reported cost-effectiveness of high-dose chemotherapy. Attempts to cut down the cost of bone marrow organ transplant have focused on new schemes to more efficaciously command these complications. The debut of new engineerings to rush engraftment, to better patient choice methods, and the shifting of attention to outpatient scenes all have resulted in important decreases in continuance of infirmary stay, treatment-related mortality, and costs. More surveies of long-run results are needed for graft and non graft intervention options to steer present and future applications of this intervention option. Expanded indicants for graft continue to be explored. Preliminary information suggest a possible function for graft in the intervention of autoimmune diseases such as lupus, multiple induration, systemic induration, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In add-on, in utero graft holds promise for early rectification of familial disease, with some success already demonstrated with the immunodeficiency syndromes. The accent of current research is chiefly directed at diminishing toxicity and GVHD while increasing the pool of possible givers by developing techniques to traverse the traditional HLA histocompatability barriers more successfully. Grafts are performed with increasing grades of mismatch. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an forward field in the intervention of human disease. Once a disease procedure has been identified and graft is considered as a possible therapy, an appropriate giver must be identified. The best possible lucifer consequences in the least complications. For allogeneic grafts, HLA histocompatability typewriting is performed for immediate household members ab initio utilizing serologic typewriting. Fully matched household members provide the most compatible lucifers because they frequently portion minor HLA antigens non normally included in proving. Before undergoing BMT, patients should undergo a series of trials and processs for testing and readying based on the patient ‘s disease procedure and medical history. There is besides pre-transplant instruction where graft squad and the patient meet to discourse the consequences of the testing, intervention options and the intervention program. Transplant conditioning is the done with the chief purpose of destructing unnatural cells or malignant neoplastic disease cells throughout the pa tient ‘s organic structure utilizing conditioning regimen which consist of chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both. The crop processs for autologous or allogeneic BMT are similar and are depended on the undermentioned factors: The patient ‘s physical status, donor handiness and insurance blessing. The BMT process involves three stages. In the first stage, enduring 5 to 14 yearss, the bone marrow receiver is prepared for the transplant and immunosuppressive and cytotoxic chemotherapy are administered and irradiation is used to enable the receiver to accept the transplant, to forestall transplant rejection, and in instances of acute leukaemia to extinguish residuary leukaemia. In the 2nd stage, bone marrow is from the giver is intravenously administered to the transplant receiver. Donors and receivers of bone marrow grafts must hold HLA compatability. The 3rd stage involves a period of waiting for the bone marrow to ingraft and work usually in the receiver. During the clip required for engraftment, the transplant receiver is vulnerable to infection, hemorrhage, terrible weight loss, rejection of the transplant, and graft-versus-host disease ( GvHD ) . Some of the posttransplant intervention typically includes cyclosporin A and perchance other chemotherapies to either prevent or dainty transplant versus-host disease ( GVHD ) . The results of the therapy depend on many factors such as: Improvements in supportive attention, antibiotic regimens, and DNA-HLA is associated with favourable result. The patient ‘s province of wellness or stable disease or disease in remittal is associated with better results than those transplanted during a ulterior disease stage or with relapsed disease. Young age at clip of graft and besides CMV-negative position of receiver and giver enhance the likeliness of endurance. The sum of haematopoietic cell dose given at clip of graft may besides rush engraftment and better result though it has an increased hazard of GVHD. Bone marrow organ transplant is one of legion new medical engineerings that have raised complex legal and ethical issues. Laws refering to medical progresss have been passed in response to the demand to decide struggles in judicial sentiments instead than expectancy of those issues which impinge on single autonomies. Some of the legal and ethical issues are malpractice claims, proving prospective givers for AIDS, sale of bone marrow, informed consent for both giver and receiver, and inquiries that arise when the giver is a kid. Pre-counseling is done to the patient prior to any intercession since information helps the patients in the undermentioned ways: To build positive attitudes in relation to the disease, enables a better response to the state of affairs, facilitates patient ‘s effectual engagement in the determination devising procedure and future programs and besides plays a important or cardinal function in wellness. Furthermore, the patients have a legal right to be inf ormed about their disease. Decision: The bone marrow is a critical portion of the human organic structure. Bone marrow organ transplant is an effectual intervention for a assortment of haematological tumors, furnace lining lymphoma, and some solid tumours. The most of import cell needed for successful organ transplant is the haematopoietic root cell whose major beginnings are bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. These can be obtained from assorted givers as either autologous or allogeneic. Deciding on type of BMT depends on type and phase of disease, handiness of root cells, age, public presentation position and the clinical status of patient. The procedure is besides of import in the replacing of bone marrow with genetically healthy working bone marrow to forestall farther harm from a familial disease process.. BMT is an illustration of a extremely proficient therapy that offers hope to patients with bone marrow failure or assorted malignances. Bone marrow organ transplant is much more dearly-won â€Å" up-f ront † but possibly non more dearly-won long-run than alternate therapies. Hematopoietic root cell organ transplant remains a hazardous process with many possible complications ; it has traditionally been reserved for patients with dangerous diseases. The accent of current research is chiefly directed at diminishing toxicity and GVHD while increasing the pool of possible givers by developing techniques to traverse the traditional HLA histocompatability barriers more successfully. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an forward field in the intervention of human disease. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an forward field in the intervention of human disease. Mentions Frick, E. , Motzke, C. , Fischer, N. , Busch, R. , & A ; Bumeder, I. ( 2005 ) . Is perceived societal support a forecaster of endurance for patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood root cell organ transplant? Psycho-Oncology, 14, 759-770. Holland, J. & A ; Alici, Y. ( 2010 ) . Management of hurt in malignant neoplastic disease patients. Journal of Supportive Oncology, 8 ( 1 ) , 4-12. Jacobsen, P. ( 2009 ) . Promoting evidence-based psychosocial attention for malignant neoplastic disease patients. Psychooncology, 18, 6-13. Jacobsen, P. & A ; Jim, H. ( 2008 ) . Psychosocial intercessions for anxiousness and depression in grownup malignant neoplastic disease patients: accomplishments and challenges. A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 58, 214-230.A NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncologya„? Distress Management ( Version 1.2010 ) . A © 2009 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. Available at: NCCN.org. Accessed [ Febuary 3, 2010 ] . Ranson, S. , Jacobsen, P. , & A ; Booth-Jones, M. ( 2006 ) . Validation of the hurt thermometer with bone marrow graft patients. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 604-612. Wells, K. , Booth-Jones, M. , & A ; Jacobsen, P. ( 2009 ) . Do get bying and societal support predict depression and anxiousness in patients undergoing hematopoitic root cell organ transplant? Jouranl of Psychosocial Oncology, 27, 297- 315. Williams, S. & A ; Dale, J. ( 2006 ) . The effectivity of intervention for depression/depressive symptoms in grownups with malignant neoplastic disease: a systematic reappraisal. British Journal of Cancer, 94, 372-390.A The usage of allogeneic haematopoietic cell organ transplant ( HCT ) has increased as new techniques have been developed for organ transplant in patients who antecedently would non hold been considered HCT campaigners. However, its efficaciousness continued to be limited by the development of frequent and terrible ague GVHD. The complex and intricate pathophysiology of acute GVHD is a effect of interactions between the giver and host innate and adaptative immune responses. Multiple inflammatory molecules and cell types are implicated in the development of GVHD that can be categorized as: ( 1 ) triggers that initiate GVHD by therapy-induced tissue harm and the antigen disparities between host and transplant tissue ; ( 2 ) detectors that detect the triggers, that is, procedure and present alloantigens ; ( 3 ) go-betweens such as T-cell subsets ( naif, memory, regulative, Th17 and natural slayer T cells ) and ( 4 ) the effecters and amplifiers that cause harm of the mark variety meats. These multiple inflammatory molecules and cell types that are implicated in the development of GVHD have been described with theoretical accounts that use bit-by-bit Cascadess. Herein, we provide a fresh position on the immunobiology of acute GVHD and briefly discuss some of the outstanding inquiries and restrictions of the theoretical account systems. Bone Marrow Transplantation ( 2010 ) 45, 1-11 ; doi:10.1038/bmt.2009.328 ; published online 30November 2009 Fifty old ages ago, Billingham1 identified three requirements for the development of GVHD: ( 1 ) the presence ofimmunocompetent cells in the giver inoculant, ( 2 ) the inability of the receiver to reject the giver cells and ( 3 ) a histocompatibility difference between the giver and receiver. Billingham RE. The biological science of graft-versus-host reactions. Harvey Lect 1966-67 ; 62: 21-78. Some future research waies 1. Impact of type of harm ( programmed cell death V mortification of different cellular subsets ) , specific DAMPs, unfertile redness and complement system. 2. Contribution of host intestine microbiome and the giver immune position. 3. Determine GVHD antigenic repertory, place immunodominant antigens. 4. Understand the function of both professional ( DCs, macrophages ) and semi-professional ( B cells ) giver and host APC subsets, the relevancy and mechanisms of cross-presentation. 5. The mechanisms and function of donor Th distinction, regulative, memory T cell, and NK cell subsets. 6. Functions of specific effecter tracts in doing distinguishable mark organ harm. 7. Determinants of mark organ specificity, the function of mechanisms of fix and neovascularization in the badness of harm. 8. Mechanisms and effect of immunosuppression induced straight by GVHD. 9. Development of an incorporate systems attack for understanding the biological science of GVHD. Biology of ague GVHD S Paczesny et Al 7 BonePatient Education /Curative patient instruction ( TPE )a continous procedure integrated in wellness attention aˆ? patient centred aˆ? adapted to the development of unwellness and patientA?s life-stile aˆ? portion of the long-run direction of unwellness aˆ? structured and organized aˆ? benefited by appropriate pedagogic means* aˆ? multiprofessional, interdisciplinary and intersectonial. *I. Rabbone, 2007 The function of the patient is cardinal in taking attention of himself in order to lend to his conditions and be responsible of his status, and to be a squad resource â€Å" without costs † ( Rabbone I. , 2009 ) . **J. Philips, 1998 Patients have a legal right to be informed about their disease butaˆÂ ¦they assume it is non ever respected ( Visser et al. , 2009 ) . Information is a demand of patients as it allows them: – to build positive attitudes in relation to the disease, – a better response to the state of affairs and – an effectual engagement in the decission doing procedure and hereafter programs aˆ? Information besides has a cardinal function in wellness instruction plans Patient need information about: – Disease – Treatment options – Treatments results – Symptoms – Side effects – Quality of life aˆ? Information should be delivered in an synergistic manner aˆ? Information/education is necessary in all stages of the graft S Setting. Pick a private location. P Perception. Find out how the patient positions the medical state of affairs. I Invitation. Ask whether the patient wants to cognize. K Knowledge. Warn before dropping intelligence. E Empathy. Respond to the patient ‘s emotions. S Strategy/Summary. Once they know, include patients in intervention determinations * W. Baile et Al. â€Å" Out of 5 patients, merely 1 to 2 follow the instructions given by physycians. The others follow a â€Å" ain version † of the therapy and hold their thoughts sing their disease. They will ne'er squeal them. They are incorrect, but who is guilty? † J. P. Assal ( 1999 ) Literature McPherson CJ, et Al. Effective methods of giving information in malignant neoplastic disease: a systematic literature reappraisal of randomized controlled tests. J Public wellness Medecine 2001 ; 23 ( 3 ) : 227-234 aˆ? Thomas R, et Al. Anxiety and depression: consequence on patients ‘ penchants for information following a diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease. Annalss of Oncology 1998 ; 9: 141 aˆ? Lobb EA, et Al. When the safety cyberspace of intervention has been removed: Patients ‘ unmet demands at the completion of intervention for hematologic malignances. Patient Educ Couns ( 2009 ) ; Department of the Interior: 10.1016/j.pec. 2009.02.005 aˆ? Mank A, et Al. An synergistic Compact disc read-only memory to inform patients about Stem Cell Transplant. Patient Educ Couns 2008 ; 73: 121-126 aˆ? Downs S. Ethical issues in bone marrow organ transplant. Semin Oncol Nurs 1994 ; 10: 58-63 aˆ? Lee SJ, et Al. Discrepancies between patient and physician estimations for the success of root cell organ transplant. J Am Med Assoc 2001 ; 285: 1034-8 aˆ? Andrykowski MA, et Al. â€Å" Returning to normal † following bone marrow organ transplant: results, outlooks, and informed consent. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995 ; 15: 573-81 A elaborate appraisal of BMT receiver ‘s emotional, societal, and psychological wellbeing before BMT is necessary to supply optimum, holistic attention. Distress and depression should be recognized, monitored, documented and treated quickly during the BMT intervention. BMT patients need to be screened at their pre-transplant assignment, at appropriate intervals, and as clinically indicated during the BMT procedure. Distress and depression should be recognized, monitored, documented and treated quickly during the BMT procedure to guarantee positive patient results.