Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Veterans Essay

Hundreds of thousands of United States veterans are not able to leave the horrors of war on the battlefield (â€Å"Forever at War: Veterans Everyday Battles with PTSD† 1). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the reason why these courageous military service members cannot live a normal life when they are discharged. One out of every five military service members on combat tours—about 300,000 so far—return home with symptoms of PTSD or major depression. According to the Rand Study, almost half of these cases go untreated because of the disgrace that the military and civil society attach to mental disorders (McGirk 1). The general population of the world has to admit that they have had a nightmare before. Imagine not being able to sleep one†¦show more content†¦The Spaniards called it estar roto which means â€Å"to be broken† (Tick 99). These soldiers weren’t experiencing nostalgia which means the same as homesickness, but they were figh ting battles within their subconscious that made them feel like they weren’t themselves anymore. Maybe the Spaniards got it right because they were broken, not emotionally or physically, but mentally. In 1952, the first edition of DSM-I (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) was written. The first attempt to define PTSD was: gross stress reaction. The name and definition was reinvented multiple times, but it disappeared from the second edition of the manual. Thirty-seven years later, Congress mandated the Department of Veterans Affairs to establish the National Center for PTSD. During the same year, Congress demolished the notion held for decades that the symptoms of PTSD were caused by character flaws (Thomas 15). PTSD affects both men and women. Women are more than twice as likely to develop PTSD than men (â€Å"Women on the Frontlines†). During World War II (WWII), twenty WWII veterans may have suffered symptoms of PTSD (Thomas 20). It was estimated that as many as thirty percent of United States soldiers that fought in Korea may have symptoms of PTSD (Thomas 20). Twice as many veterans in Iraq have been diagnosed than veterans in Afghanistan. Before deployment the rate was five percent which is the same as the general United States population. 16 to 17 percent of thoseShow MoreRelatedVeterans With Post Traumatic Stress Disorder2330 Words   |  10 Pagesmillions of veterans that have served this country by leaving behind their world as they once knew it, thank you. Entering the world of a soldier comes with a culture of warriors who are taught and trained to be ready to kill, but also ready to save, heal, and comfort (Hansen). Sergeant Hansen served in the United States Marine Corps for nine years and was deployed three times, once to Iraq and twice to Afghanistan. He was honorably discharged in April of 2014, however like many other veterans, his militaryRead MoreEssay On Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Veterans756 Words   |  4 Pagesstaff, â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition thats triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event†. Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization committed to clinical practice, education and research, providing expert, whole-person care to everyone who needs healing. This particular condition is problematic among veterans, due toRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder in War Veterans2507 Words   |  11 PagesPOST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN WAR VETERANS SC-PNG-0000009299 Alwin Aanand Thomson American Degree Program SEGi College Penang 1.0 INTRODUCTION Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma. This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to ones own or someoneRead MoreNeeds of a Veteran with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder1137 Words   |  5 PagesNeeds of a Veteran with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Should veterans be able to live on their own with post-traumatic stress disorder? Going from living a great life with nothing wrong to being diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, is a life changing event for anyone, but should veterans be treated differently from everyone else? Life of Ted Olsen was normal before he was knocked unconscious by a â€Å"massive garage door that jumped a track on base and crashed down onRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder in War Veterans2491 Words   |  10 PagesPOST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN WAR VETERANS SC-PNG-0000009299 Alwin Aanand Thomson American Degree Program SEGi College Penang 1.0 INTRODUCTION Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma. This event may involve the threat of death to oneself or to someone else, or to ones own or someoneRead MoreEssay on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Veterans2443 Words   |  10 PagesMilitary service members who are and have been deployed to the middle east show high levels of emotional distress and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Both active duty and reserve component soldiers who have experienced combat have been exposed to high levels of traumatic stress. As a consequence, many have gone on to develop a wide range of mental health problems such as PTSD. â€Å"According to researchers, PTSD is a long-term reaction to war-zone exposure that can last up to a few minutes, hoursRead MoreEssay on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Veterans2944 Words   |  12 Pages Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (commonly known as PTSD) is a n important issue associated with military soldiers. The primary focus of this paper will be on the causes of PTSD and the effects it has on returning soldiers from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. I will attempt to elaborate on the soldiers experiences through my own experiences in combat both in Iraq and Afghanistan. I will explain what PTSD is, look at the history of PTSD, how people get it, and differences of PTSD between men and womenRead More Implications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for War Veterans1577 Words   |  7 PagesImplications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for War Veterans War is a complex concept that is increasingly difficult to understand, particularly in an age that allows for live images of combat to be beamed around the world. Many war films depict the brutalities of war and affects war has on participants, but it seems that these representations merely skim the surface. The 20th century is an era that saw a significant amount of military action: World Wars I and II, the Cold War, VietnamRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment For War Veterans1564 Words   |  7 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder treatment for war veterans Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that may develop after experiencing or seeing a traumatic or a brutal life threatening event. It is increasingly on the rise in war veterans. For those with PTSD only 53 percent have seen physicians or a mental health care provider. And for those who sought out care, roughly only 50 percent received adequate treatment when returning from combat. Although there are many treatmentsRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Among War Veterans2201 Words   |  9 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder among War Veterans Introduction Soldiers from combat missions face a variety of challenges when conforming to a civilian lifestyle. The fact that there are many of the identification issues and the influence of the environment, soldiers tend to exhibit Post-Traumatic stress disorders. The manifestation of the Post-Traumatic disorder PTSD leads to the development of traumatic brain syndrome and other problems. Service men and women have taken part in many war missions

One of the Most Overlooked Options for All about Me Essay

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Contract Law Flexibility Honesty and Fairness

Question: Discuss about theContract Lawfor Flexibility Honesty and Fairness. Answer: Introduction Contract law plays a significant role in the commercial activities of any Jurisdictions. The law has created rules of practice that ensure that promotes market fairness and efficiency among the traders in Australia. It is not in doubt that the law of contract has changed and evolved immensely over the recent decade with the legislature and the judiciary making major contributions to its growth. This research paper is thus poised to keenly investigate some specific facets of contract law in Australia, including their growth and application in the real commercial world. Further, the role that these laws have played to ensure honesty fairness and justices will also be discussed. It is imperative to note that there has been a fundamental and absolute sway from the traditional approach to several doctrines in contract to ensure that parties in agreements are not left on the loosing side of the scales of justice. The law of contract has since been made more flexible. It can be argued that it has grown to be more fertile in the recent past with the room for its reform equally burgeoning. Flexibility Honesty and Fairness in the Application of Contract Law The first doctrine that shall be observed is one that the courts have shown the willingness of not giving it the strict application that was bequeathed by common law. This element of contract law is referred to as the intention to create a legal relationship in business agreements. The traditional approach that had been hitherto embraced by the courts is the application of the rebuttable presumptions test. For social agreement the presumption was that the parties did not intend to create a legal relationship between them (Merritt V Merritt 1970). For commercial agreements the presumption was that the parties in the agreement had the intention the terms in the agreement will be legally binding .What is of interest is that to promote fairness and flexibility of the judicial decisions in Australia appear to be extinguishing the traditional doctrine of rebuttable presumption test to ensure that they address each matter that comes before it with an objective eye taking all factors into co nsideration. Among the recent case that seems to extinguish the traditional doctrine of rebuttable presumption to determine the intention of the parties is Gray v Gray (2004) where the courts have shown notable reluctance in applying the presumptions test. The case concerned a loan agreement between a mother and a child and the judges said that each case should be treated as different and special to determine the intention of the parties. The courts have also recently stated in Ashton v Pratt (2014) that the courts should objectively examine the circumstances of each case because a miscarriage of justice is likely to occur if the courts solely apply the rebuttable test. It can be observed from the above contentions that the courts are keen to ensure that the parties in commercial agreements and application of contract law are treated fairly and thus it seems indispensible that some old doctrines have to be given less or no attention at all. The doctrine of Privity in contract law is a formidable rule that dictates that it is only parties to a contract who can enforce a contract. In fact, in Trident General Insurance Co. Ltd v. McNiece Bros. Pty. Ltd. (1988) the rule has been that contracts cannot be made for the benefit of third parties. Some states in Australia have since eroded this doctrine and given life to the rule that a contract can also be made fro the benefit of a third party (Property Law Act 1974 (NT) section 56). It should be borne in mind that this position is however not uniform in all states. The idea inherent in this shift in legal position is that there commercial traders who end up losing a lot money during trade because of rigid doctrines that have been inherited from common law rules. Indeed the requirement of honesty and good faith in commercial agreements has been necessary in commercial contracts to ensure that parties in the contract are treated fairly. What seems to be an overridden doctrine which was also brought by the common law is Caveat emptor. This doctrine asserts that let the buyer be ware and the seller is not obliged to disclose any information. It has been argued that the doctrine had given ample opportunity for the sellers to practice dishonesty because the task of enquiring all the status of a particular commodity is an onerous one for the buyer. This implied that if the purchaser of a commodity found that the good is not in a good condition they could not seek for compensation because they did not check the quality of the product during the purchase. It is worth noting that this gave room for the seller to give misleading and deceptive information knowing that the buyer will not bring him or her to question. A more modern approached has been emp loyed in Australia which follows the principle that the let the seller be ware (caveat venditor). In this sense there have been provisions that have been developed lately in the Australia consumer law that mainly protect the consumers and require the sellers to give product safety guarantees on their products before they engage in any commercial dealings. Pursuant to section 20 Australia consumer law (2010) misleading and deceptive conduct in commercial trade and contracts is prohibited. The courts have embraced this approached given life by the legislature and have interpreted that parties engaging in a contract should be honest and ensure that all material fact are disclosed before parties sign a commercial agreement ( Henjo Investments Pty Ltd v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd 1988). It is apparent from the aforementioned assertions that the where a party to a commercial agreement is silent and fails to disclose material important facts required in the transaction, this will be regarded as dishonest and unfair. The general law in contract is that an agreement that has been duly signed by the parties to the contract is binding on them even when one did not read the terms of the agreement (L'Estrange v F Graucob Ltd 1934). This rule appears harsh and a remedy has been provided by the vitiating factors such as duress and undue influence. But the common law had not taken care of extreme cases where a consumer is seriously harassed by the seller, a condition that the Australian jurisdiction has said that is more detrimental than mere duress and undue influence. The legislature Australia came up with the provisions of unconscionable conduct in the Australia consumer law section 21(1) to ensure that they protect contracting parties from the harsh conduct that seeks to take advantage of another party who may be green on the subject matter that the parties are contracting. This provision of the Australia consumer law appear to be promoting fairness and honesty in the commerce and trade because if th e strict application of the general law that the contract is binding once has been signed is applied, it will be unfair to the innocent party who was induced to enter the contract and the harsh application of the law will amount to a mockery of justice. To promote fairness the courts have further held that the innocent party in the trade or commerce must show that the other party had a high bargaining power which he took advantage of (Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd 2013). The forgoing assertions also have the effect of ensuring that the parties in a contract or any commercial dealing have the freewill to enter into any commercial dealing and that unnecessary pressure and inducement should not be applied to force a party to enter into an agreement. On the face of it, it may be apparent that pre-contractual good faith and honesty is not necessary in commercial dealing. In fact, traditionally English law did not have the desiderata of honesty and good faith between the parties before a contract was made (Walford v. Myles, 1992) Lately there has been a willingness and readiness that has been manifested by the judiciary to legislature to insist on the parties of an agreement or trade to uphold good faith and honesty before they enter into contract (Philips Electronique Grand Publique SA v. British Sky Broadcasting Ltd. 1995). This is not only the position of the united kingdom but Australia Consumer law has also a adopted a requirement of good faith and honesty in its provisions. Parties in a commercial dealing or trade are not supposed to engage in misleading and deceptive conduct before the contract has been formed. (Australia Consumer Law section 18). Misleading advertisements have been held to be contrary to the provisions of h onesty and good faith that is required of manufacturers and service providers. The courts have also had a high interest in ensuring that pre-contractual good faith is upheld as has ben demonstrated in Google Inc. v ACCC (2013) where the internet website Google was running advertisements on its website that were deceptive and misleading and did not reflect the true nature of the product. The court held that such a conduct was prohibited by law and found liability on the service provider in that case. It has been argued that a misleading and deceptive conduct can be in the form of assertions that lead an individual into an error or they could be false statements of fact that an ordinary person could reasonably not know the truth in them (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPGInternet Pty Ltd 2013). This position has now become an overarching and formidable rule created by the judiciary and the legislature. This new rule on misleading and deceptive conduct seems to be rep lacing the tradition common law rule of misrepresentation of facts. Essentially the rule seeks to promote fairness and honesty in the contracts in commercial dealings and that the sellers should ensure that they are truthful in all their engagements in commercial trade. The general in contract law is that a contract will be invalidated where either of the party that signs the contract is a minor and has not attained the age of majority. It is assumed that such persons do not have the understanding of the implications of what they are singing to. The common law position is that contract with minors will only be of necessity items such as food and clothing (Nash v Inman 1908). What is particular significance to note is the fact that there has been some willingness among some states in Australia to accept contracts that are entered into by minors as valid. The test that seems to be applied here is that one of reasonableness and ability to have the sufficient reasoning required to understand the terms in the agreed contract. This has been seen to promote justice and fairness because some minors may be intelligent and industrious enough to enter into a commercial dealing. Additionally it has also been recognized hat it should be in the interest of justic e that a person who is mentally incapacitated to enter into contract to be allowed to make an agreement during their lucid moments. This may not be the universal position in Australia but there is a judicial willingness to adopt the rule into a permanent law in some states. From a biblical perspective in the book of Isaiah, the bible proclaims that those who will survive the punishment by fire must practice fairness and honesty while they avoid gaining any benefit through fraudulent activities and avoid doing what is morally wrong (Isaiah 33:14-17) Accordingly the bile in Proverbs 11:1 argues that the practice of dishonesty and impartiality are a disgrace to the lord. As such it is perfectly demandable and desirable that in commercial dealings and trade parties should ensure that they do not benefit from what is genuinely and legally does not flow from their efforts and as has been demonstrated by the recent contract law rules developed in Australia, the major aim is to breath life into the teachings of the Holy Book. Emerging Trends The idea of electronic contract has not been there in the past because there was in development of technology case may be in the recent times. According to Martin and Jaques (2001) electronic contracts have been facing the major challenge of ensuring that they comply with the capacity provisions that are required of the traditional contracts that are made by pen and paper. It begs the critical question whether it would be just and fair to treat the electronically made contracts with the same rules that apply in the traditional contracts. It is not in dispute that there is already in existence rules regarding invitations to treat, offer and acceptance in electronic contracts. However according to Carter and Harland (2002) electronic agreements and commercial dealing defy the rule of privity of contract because a purchaser in a contract agreed in a website commerce dealing ,may fail to trace the other party in the contract to endure that they enforce the contract against them. As such it seems preposterous and unfair that one party will have to suffer a great deal of injustice because of the impracticability of the enforcement of the contract. There is also great need to promote justice and fairness in commercial dealing that are made and agreed over the mobile phones through short message service (SMS). This need was demonstrated by the courts in Communication and Media Authority v Mobiligated Ltd a company Incorporated in Hong Kong and Others (2009) where the court had the vie that injustice would most likely occasion a party in such a commercial dealing where there is little judicial ink hat has been split over the matter. Conclusion It can be conceded that the approach that has been taken by the courts and the legislations in repealing the old common law doctrines that the doctrines of equity did not sufficiently provide for has had a positive impact towards the development of fairness and justice to the parties in commercial dealings. Suffice to say innocent parties that did not hitherto have remedies against dishonest parties in trade have a reason to celebrate the new position that the judiciary and the lawmakers are taking. Parties in commercial trading should also be guided by the teachings in the bible and make peace with the fact that their ill intended actions will also be jugged by the Most High in heaven. References Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPGInternet Pty Ltd 2013 HCA 54 Australia consumer law (2010) Ashton v Pratt [2012] NSWSC 3 Carter, J. W. and Harland, D. J. (1993). Cases and Material on Contract Law in Australia Communications and Media Authority v Mobilegate Ltd A Company Incorporated in Hong Kong - [2009] FCA 539 Gray v Gray [2004] NSWCA 408 Google Inc. v ACCC (2013) 294 ALR 404 Henjo Investments Pty Ltd v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd (1988) 39 FCR 546 Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd Ors [2013] HCA 25 L'Estrange v F Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394 Martin, N. and Jaques, M. S. (2001). The Effective Formation of Contracts by Electronic Means. New South Wales Society for Computers and the Law Journal. Available: https://www.nswscl.org.au/journal/46 Merritt v Merritt [1970] 1 WLR 1211 Nash v. Inman [1908] 2 KB 1 Philips Electronique -v- British Sky Broadcasting Ltd [1995] EMLR 472 Property Law Act 1974 (NT) Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Bros Pty Ltd. (1988) 80 ALR 574 Walford v Miles. [1992] 2 AC 128

The Houyhnhnms In GulliverS Travels Essays -

The Houyhnhnms In GulliverS Travels The Houyhnhnms in Gullivers Travels In the last part of the novel Gullivers Travels, by Jonathan Swift, a dichotomy is established which crtiticizes two extreme ideas of man. The Houynhnms, a race of horses, are meant to symbolize man as a supremely rational being and the Yahoos, a primitive, vulgar version of humans, are made to symbolize man as an animal. The narrator Gulliver is a sort of reference point between the two, since in physical appearance he seems to be a Yahoo, but his ability to reason enables him to relate well to the Houynhnms. Readers have interrpreted the rational horses in a number of different ways. Some feel that the Houynhnms are the ideal to which humans should strive to attain. Others feel that the Houynhnms are as evil as the Yahoos. It is my opinion that Swift uses the Houynhnms and the Yahoos to illustrate both ends of the unattainable spectrum of reason, and why both are completely undesireable ways of life. It is implausable to think that the Houyhnhmns are the ideal way for man to be. They have no writing system, as well as no passions, no love for family or friends, no real opinions and they are governed solely by Reason. Their lack of strong feelings can be understood through their attitude to their offspring; They have no fondness for their Colts or Foles, but the Care they take in educating them proceeds from the dictates of Reason. Indeed, Love plays no part in even the institution of matrimony. Mates are selected based on their coloring, and to produce offspring that will enhance the species as a whole. Even death evokes no emotion among the Houyhnhnms; If they can avoid Casualties, they die only of Old Age, and are buried in the obscurest Places that can be found, their Friends and Relations expressing neither Joy nor Grief at their Departure. Why would the human ideal be existing as emotion-less, passion-less creatures devoid of feeling and driven purely by reason. Although Gul liver so admires them, Swift does not mean us to take this admiration seriously. When Gulliver first encounters the Houynhnms, he takes an immediate liking to them, saying Upon the whole, the behaviour of these animals was so orderly and rational, so acute and judicious, that I at at last concluded they must needs be Magician. This admiration grows and grows until he quickly comes to believe that these creatures are perfect in every way possible. The fact that these creatures are horses, not humans, symbolizes how Swift believes that no humans can be so perfect. The extent to which Gulliver worships these creatures is further delineated by his self-loathing; When I happened to behold my Reflection of my own form in a lake or a Fountain, I turned away my face in Horror and Detestation of myself. Gulliver even tries to imitate them in a ridiculous attempt to be accepted in their society. Gulliver can be looked upon as a human, trying (in an effort to escape his animal tendencies) to become supremely rational which is a futile effort. Man can never be purely rationa l because man is an animal. Being face to face with man in his animal form (the Yahoos) further propels Gulliver into his futile effort to be completely reasonable and logical eventually leading to his insanity. Once Gullivar leaves the island, he is disdainful towards the rest of his race who he sees as vulgar Yahoos. His new attitude towards his fellow man is displayed in his treatment of Don Pedro. Don Pedro treats Gulliver with nothing but kindness and affection, and yet Gulliver repays him with disgust. The same happens when he is reunited with his wife and children. He has so adopted the belief system of the Houyhnhnms that he views them as primitive, ugly beast-like creatures and he is filled with contempt for them. In an effort to gain some form of Houyhnhmn companionship, he buys two horses and converses with then for hours upon end each day. Is this the way man will end up should he attempt to become a purlely logical being, such as the Houyhnhnms? This seems to be the poi nt that

Contract Law

Contract Law The case under discussion has all the hallmarks of a contract law dispute. The present paper demonstrates the reasons as to why the defendant’s motion on the case should be overruled. More importantly, it shows why the plaintiff should be compensated as requested for wrongful termination of services.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Contract Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As the judge in the case, I would rule in favor of the plaintiff and oblige the defendant to pay for the damages as requested. Available literature on such cases argue that there can be oral manifestations of assent in a contract (Barmes 437; Wilkinson-Ryan 2110), and that such oral manifestations mean that parties to a contract communicated to each other about their agreement (Estlund 381). This in effect means that a contract may not necessarily be delivered in writing as argued by the defendant when citing the stature of frauds. In consequence, the rights of the plaintiff to gainful employment were effectively violated when the defendant chose to terminate the employment even after orally assuring the plaintiff that employment would continue for a substantial period of time. Additionally, the ruling would be in favor of the plaintiff due to the fact that termination of employment was premised upon the wrong reason that was not listed in discussions for engagement. Here, it is important to note that â€Å"a contract is just a tool to procure a service, supply, construction or so on† (Page Krauer 12). However, the law that binds the contract gives it its life and vitality to guide relationships and covenants. The plaintiff’s contractual agreement with the defendant, it seems, was predicated upon the passage of the Madison State Bar examination. However, the defendant proceeded to terminate the services of the plaintiff before the lapse of the initial three years even after the plaintiff sat for the examination and passed. This scenario is aggravated by the fact that the plaintiff’s services were discontinued after one year due to budgetary constraints rather than failure to perform as originally agreed during the discussions. It cannot therefore escape mention that the plaintiff was wrongly terminated. Furthermore, the ruling would be in favor of the plaintiff due to the fact that she had not gone against any of the rules set by the defendant to warrant termination of services. Available literature demonstrates that â€Å"employment contracts may have post-employment obligations and covenants, including confidentiality agreements, noncompetition agreements, and nonsolicitation agreements† (Rashty 24).Advertising Looking for case study on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The plaintiff fulfilled all these obligations yet the defendant proceeded to terminate her services to the law school in spite of the fact that the reason for termination was not of plaintiff’s making. It is therefore of essence for the defendant to compensate for the lost wages given that the oral agreement insinuated that the plaintiff would offer services for three years before a consideration for promotion was made. Fulfillment of employment obligations on the side of the plaintiff makes the defendant to carry the weight of blame. Lastly, an offer was made by the defendant through a letter and the plaintiff accepted the offer through writing. This in itself demonstrates that the parties entered into a contract. An offer can be described as an expression of willingness to contract on specified terms, while an acceptance can be described as the final and unqualified expression of assent to the terms of a given offer (Chapman Millbrook 1-2). The defendant, therefore, cannot argue that he did not enter into a contract when in essence his offer had been accepted by the plai ntiff in writing. This in itself demonstrates that the plaintiff is entitled to the damages sought. Overall, the defendant’s motion is null and void considering the above named reasons. The judge should rule in favor of the plaintiff and make the defendant compensate her for the financial damages caused due to termination of services. Barmes, Lizzie. â€Å"The Continuing Conceptual Crisis in the Common Law of the Contract of Employment.† Modern Law Review. 67.3 (2004): 435-464. Academic Search Premier. Web. Chapman, Millie and Glenson Millbrook n.d., At a Glance Guide to Basic Principles of English Contract Law. PDF file. Web. Estlund, Cynthia L. â€Å"Between Rights and Contract: Arbitration Agreements and Non-Complete Covenants as a Hybrid Form of Employment Law.† University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 155.2 (2006): 379-445. Academic Search Premier. Web.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Contract Law specifically for you for onl y $16.05 $11/page Learn More Page, John M. and James J. Krauer. â€Å"Basic Contract Legal Reviews.† Reporter. 41.2 (2014): 11-15. MasterFILE Premier. Web. Rashty, Joseph. â€Å"Employment Contracts with Post-Employment Obligations.† CPA Journal. 84.12 (2014): 24-27. MasterFILE Premier. Web. Wilkinson-Ryan, Tess. â€Å"Intuitive Formalism in Contract.† University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 163.7 (2015): 2109-2129. Academic Search Premier. Web.

Tradition and Treason

Tradition and Treason Tradition and Treason Tradition and Treason By Mark Nichol Curiously, a word referring to the handing down of beliefs and customs and one pertaining to a breakdown in fidelity to a political system, which is based on beliefs and customs, though they are not antonyms, have a common etymology. This post discusses these words and several others with the same ancestor. The words listed below all derived from tradere, a Latin verb meaning â€Å"deliver† or â€Å"hand over.† That word, in turn, stems from a combination of the Latin preposition trans, meaning â€Å"over† (seen in words such as transfer and transport) and the Latin verb dare, meaning â€Å"do.† Interestingly, however, though to trade is to deliver or hand over (in return for something else), the English word trade is not related; its origin is the Germanic trade, meaning â€Å"course† or â€Å"track† and cognate with tread. (Likewise, the English verb and noun dare is from Old English, not Latin.) Tradition comes from traditionem, referring to an act of delivery or handing over; the adjectival and adverbial forms are traditional and traditionally. (Trad occasionally appears as a slang abbreviation of traditional.) Adherence to tradition is called traditionalism, and one who advocates that philosophy is a traditionalist. Extradition, meanwhile, refers to handing over, as when the authorities in one country deliver a fugitive to those in the country in which he or she committed a crime; the verb is extradite. This fugitive may very well be a traitor to the country to which he or she is being extradited. Traitor, from the Latin noun traditor by way of French, means â€Å"one who delivers,† originally in the sense of information injurious to one nation and beneficial to an antagonistic country. By extension, one who merely betrays another’s trust may be branded a traitor. The act of betrayal is called treason, and the adjectival form is treasonous (and, less often, treasonable, with the adverbial form treasonably); however, treasonously is not employed as an adverb. (Treachery and its similarly inflected adjectival and adverbial forms is a similar-looking but unrelated synonym.) Speaking of betray, that word’s root stems from tradere as well. (An act of unfaithfulness is betrayal, and the actor is a betrayer.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

Interpretation of financial statements (report) Essay

Interpretation of financial statements (report) - Essay Example To keep an investment with a company or its shares is a decision that should be viewed by an owner or investor in terms of cost-benefit analysis just like any purchase transaction. The expected benefits must have to be quantified or measured in order to guide decision making better. A company is generally assumed to growth over time in certain finance models. (Brigham and Houston, 2002). It needs to have profitability, efficiency, liquidity and solvency to survive, grow and stay in business. It competitors would always be there to match every strategy that it unleashes; thus, the strategies to be used must consider its external and internal environment in order to compete well in an industry that is affected by many hard to control factors. External factors need not be avoided however, since companies have employ strategies that would help the to develop strategies that would help them cope with the changing external environment. The return on capital employed (ROCE) of WBS Ltd. at for the last two years 2009 and averaged at about 17% as against the industry average of 20.3%. WBS Ltd. is obviously less profitable than ordinary competitors in the industry in both years. ROCE also declined to 12% in 2010from 22% in 2009. Such declined performance could not be an indication of some problem as it is still very high. Profitability was lower also compared with 2007 and 2008 ratios. See Appendix B. A more than 15% return on capital employed (ROCE) would definitely attract investors as it would mean that for every $100 the investors expect returns of about $15. This could be viewed as something high during normal times or when there is no recession. The present situation of the economy may be described as recovering. The fact the company is slight not doing better than the rest of the industry must convince owners to keep watch their profitability if not their investment with the company may

Creativity and Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Creativity and Play - Essay Example Creativity likewise has many denotations and connotations in the English language. Creativity is hallmarked by intrinsic motivation, intention, adaptiveness and originality. It is what the person does, either the creative act or something aesthetically brand new and purposeful to the individual child. Original means it is not habitual and shies from routine. Creative has the implication of unconventional and intrinsically motivated. Intentional actions are not governed by conventions or extrinsic rewards (Sternberg, 1999). This essay will reflect on the importance of play in developing creativity. It seeks to analyze the different theories that are posited to reference childhood play and offer an evaluation of creativity across the early childhood curriculum’s in the United Kingdom (UK) namely; the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) and the National Curriculum (NC). Reference will be made to personal experience underpinned by relevant theory. It will begin with theoretical descriptions of creativity and play while exploring each construct separately and in relation to each other. The discussion will then follow early childhood education theories. Furthermore, the roles of teachers and parents in relation to creativity and play will be identified. Creativity is defined as a process involving the production of remote associations through thinking outside the box while possessing divergent or unusual, if not, original ideas. In creative play children develop their practical skills through imagining, designing and creating. Educational experts have developed standards defining what children should know and be able to do by certain grade levels. The content children learn in the creative curriculum is guided by these standards. The creative curriculum explains how to teach content in ways that respect the developmental stages of children. (James C. Kaufman, 2006) Teachers

Classify the business according to its ownership - McDonalds Essay Example for Free

Classify the business according to its ownership McDonalds Essay The business I have decided to choose for this assignment is McDonalds. McDonalds ownership is a franchise. McDonald is a large business with more than 30,000 restaurants in over 100 countries, serving more than 38 million people each day. * Overseas comparisons indicate that franchising is the fastest growing form of retailing and McDonald has grown quickly by granting franchises. The term franchising has been used to describe many different forms of business relationships. This form of business ownership was first introduced in the U. K. It is a form of business organisation that is becoming increasingly popular in the United Kingdom. * A franchise is an agreement between two parties. An entrepreneur (franchisor) and franchisee. The franchise agreement grants to the franchisee the right and authorisation to operate a specific McDonalds restaurant, at a single address. The franchise term is usually for a period of 20 years. These franchise rights include the use of McDonalds trademarks, restaurant dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor designs, signage and equipment layout, the formula and specifications for menu items, use of McDonalds method of operation, inventory control, book-keeping, accounting and marketing. * A separate franchise lease covers the right to occupy the restaurant premises. In returns, the franchisee agrees to operate the business in accordance with McDonalds standards of quality service, cleanliness food safety and restaurant safety. The franchisee is expected to take a hands on role in operating the business, and to be involved in local civic and charitable activities. * Throughout the franchise term, the franchisees sole business interest should be McDonalds. Franchising is really the hiring out or licensing of the use of good ideas to other companies. A franchise grants permission to sell a product and trade under a certain name in a particular area. For example if I have a good idea, I can sell you a licence to trade and carry out a business using my idea in your area. McDonalds is a big example of brand franchising. McDonalds has grown its business in the United Kingdom through franchising outlets. Explain the benefits and constraints of the type of ownership. In order to succeed it is necessary to consider the benefits and constraints involvement in franchise. There are clear benefits to this: * You dont have to come up with a new idea. Someone else had it and tested too! * Large, well-established franchise operations will often have national advertising campaigns and a reputable, well established trading name. * Good franchisors (BFA) will offer comprehensive training programmes in sales and indeed all business skills. * Good franchisor can also help secure funding for your investment as well as e.g. discounted bulk-buy supplies for outlets when you are in operation. * If you are aware that you are running a franchise customers will also understand that you will be offering the possible value for money and service although you run your own show as a part of a much larger organisation. Benefits for franchisor: * Low capital expenditure franchising is an excellent method of expanding your business with a limited amount of ready capital. Franchisor takes a share of profit without taking risk. Low risk route to expansion. * Personal commitment and motivation from franchisees is greater than from employees, the reason being that they have more accountability and responsibility than an ordinary employee. * Reduced daily involvement it is a method of obtaining conscientious and dedicated personal who work hard to a safeguard their investment. Benefits for franchisee: Some of the advantages of franchising to the franchisee are that it gives them the opportunity of sharing some of the benefits of a large business such as: * An established reputation * A known brand name and image * Skilled management * Large scale advertising programmes which are usually paid for by an advertising levy * Economies of scale, producing on a large scale is termed economies of scale. McDonalds does this by trying to keep low cost through economies of scale. They try to select suppliers, which will give the company value for money. * Franchising also offer much of the independence of a sole proprietor In this way a small business benefits from the economies of scale That comes from being part of a large company organisation. Constraints of franchising * Limits on product price they cant change their product price up to wherever they want. They have limits for price. * Limits on variety of product they cant have variety of products. Customers get confused if theyll keep variety of product they have to keep certain products. * Limits on freedom- they cant do whatever they want. They have to follow owners instructions to run their business. Franchisees have not much freedom. * Limits on the title of their business- they cant even change the colour of their title. As you can see they have same colour and title style wherever their branches are. Task 2: A Clear description and explanation of the objectives of the business. The objectives of businesses can vary enormously. Companies may have a number of objectives. In general, the objectives pursued by a business tend to vary according to its size, ownership and legal structure. Small businesses are more likely to focus on survival as an objective as they tend to lack the financial resources to cope with adverse trading conditions. Larger businesses may aim to maximise profits. As being one of the larger businesses McDonald has the following objectives: * Profit maximisation * Survival * Market share * Growth * Providing exceptional customers care * Remaining an efficient and quality producer offering high value to customers (according to companys policy) Profit maximisation: Profit maximisation is likely to be an important objective for most companies which shareholder including McDonalds owns. Profit refers to the extent to which revenues exceed costs, so profit maximisation occurs when the difference between sales revenue and total costs is greatest. Companies such as McDonalds seek to maximise profit to cover up their costs and to provide high returns for their shareholders. McDonalds does this by trying to keep cost low through economies of scale. They try to select suppliers which will give the company value for money. In order to maximise sales they have various sales promotion throughout the year. The basis for their profit is low cost rather than high price. Survival: Survival is an important objective for many businesses. According to the business writer Peter Drucker: It is the first duty of a business to survive. The guiding principle of business economics, in the other words, is not the maximisation of profits; it is the avoidance of loss. Business enterprise must produce the premium to cover the risk inevitably involved in its operation. And there is only one source for this risk premium: profits. Most recently established businesses like McDonalds have survival as objectives. This is because often they have intense competition in the market so they have to spend heavily on their advertising to attract customers. They have to ensure that they remain the Market leader in their industry. Growth: Growth occurs for the company when there is an ongoing increase in an economys production of goods and services. McDonalds pursues growth through selling more franchises all over the world in order to have a presence in most countries in the world. They can achieve this by increasing the overall size of the business by merging or joining other firms of buying them out through a take-over. McDonalds recently went into a joint venture with prà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t a manager in order to enter another segment of the U.S market and gain a greater share of the market Increasing sale or market share: Growth occurs when there is an ongoing increase in an economys production of goods and services. Many businesses pursue growth strategies because their managers believe that this essential for survival. If the firm grows, it grows with more customers, earn higher profits and begin to establish itself in the market. Growth offers: * Increased returns for the owners of the business * Competitive salaries ( and more job security ) for employees of the business * A wider range of products for the business exists and potential customers it is increasingly common for mangers pay packages to successful managers can earn substantial incomes if that is reflected in the companys share price. Increasing market share is an important objective for McDonalds. It is likely to be a key objective any business operating in a market which is not growing. For example, the market for traditional beers in the U.K is not growing indeed there are signs that it may be declining. As the market is not increasing the size, brewers of traditional ales can only increase sales by taking market share from competitors. Market share is also important for McDonalds because that considerably from producing on a large scale. They use expensive equipment and the financial advantages of producing on a large scale are termed economies of scale. Where these economies exist, firm will attempt to take a greater share of the market. This allows them to sell their product at lower price, increasing their competitiveness. Task Three: Every organisation will need to acquire, use and change factors of production in order to produce goods and provide services. McDonalds has several functional areas that exist in the business to help the business meet its objectives and to provide goods and services as well. And each of which is supported by a particular administrative office. The administration of each function is based on its offices. There are many administrative offices each with a specialist responsibility and function. The functional areas McDonalds has are as follow: * Finance * Production * Human resources * Marketing * Research and development * 1) Finance Function: The finance director George Mackay is responsible for finance department. The main activities of finance function are: * To keep record of all business transactions, keeping of cost and revenues and setting target through budgeting. * To provide information about services. * To develop new product that satisfy customers expectations. * Quality assurance * Supply chain * Measure the financial performance of the business. * Increase market share so they can make profit and give money to their shareholders. * Control the finances and cash flow so the business stays solvent, i.e. does go bankrupt. * Take timely decisions by comparing the predicted performance with actual performance. This chart shows the structure of finance department. Finance Director Finance Information services New product development Quality assurance Supply chain According to McDonalds finance director accurate financial information allows them to achieve their most important goals to increase profits by expanding, sustained growth and charitable objectives. McDonalds not only invests much of its profit in extending its own business but also set aside millions of dollars each year to fund charitable activities. Not only this, McDonalds also provides different type of support to other organisations and schools. * McDonalds has invested considerable sums in restoring old buildings, often putting back architectural details that have been lost. * McDonalds supports the Groundwork Trust, an environmental urban regeneration programme. * McDonalds is a major sponsor of international football. * McDonalds donates million of pounds towards community, educational and charity programme. * McDonalds also provides salary and benefits to its employees and reviewed on regular basis. As for most of the time McDonalds made consistently high profits around $3,633 million and have grown successfully by making good profit and still planning to grow more further (according to the McDonalds book). 2) Production Function: The function of the production department is to change inputs into outputs, which means produce goods and services are to be brought by the customers. McDonalds is committed to maintaining and developing the best food products in the quick service restaurant market. And this is what production department is responsible for. In order to deliver on this, the company has made commitments: to food safety, food quality and to nutrition. Company systems and procedures must be continuously updated to ensure the highest standards of hygiene and safety. All staff receives proper training in food safety. McDonalds food is made from the basic commodities: red and white meat, fish, eggs, milk, grain and vegetables. All raw ingredients are produced to exacting specifications and the highest possible standards and quality and safety. McDonalds highly trained workers work with suppliers to maintain and develop product quality. McDonalds recognises the importance of a balanced diet, lifestyle and health therefore provides hot, less fat and fresh food to their customers. McDonalds invest a lot of money in new technology. Thus, improving the quality food preparation and helps achieving companys aim of growth in the fast food market. * Controlling production methods and planning the scale of production * Controlling costs and working efficiently * Meeting the specific needs of customers McDonalds is working hard to develop their products and provide their customers a variety of differentiated products, which helps to meet another important objective satisfying customer needs because increasingly customers expect to buy the product that meet their exact needs. Developing efficient methods of production to reduce cost is helps to make profit and growth because a fall in the cost of production resulting form an increase in the size of a business, which is called economy of scale in the language of business. When outputs rises, the cost of production per item-the unit cost-falls, and the business can reduce the price of its goods. With the lower price, it will get more customers and so benefit from the even lower unit costs. This will make it more competitive and can easily increase market share. McDonalds has raised standard through out the food processing industry. 3) Human resources: Human resources department deals with staff recruitment, training and development. Human resources is a very important function for the business because it selects the workforce (the right people for right job), provides training and development of staff, which improve their skills, performance and relates to the aim of McDonalds, which is the best service for its customers. Efficiency helps a business run more smoothly, effectively and profitability. Efficiency begins with developing ways of working that are easy to understand and do not waste time or energy. Division of labour, in which each workers carries out a specific job, increase speed and the more people you serve each day the more profit you make so it helps to maximize profit as well as expand the business. McDonalds have their employment policies. McDonalds employs some of the best, most ambitious people on the job market. Whether they join as hourly paid staff or management trainees through graduate or a high standard re cruitment, they have the opportunity to develop a career, which can take them to the very top. Above all, McDonalds values people with a positive attitude towards customers, themselves and other employees, and strive towards delivering the highest standards of quality, service and cleanliness. The ability to understand and adopt McDonalds customer-led culture is as worth as the more usual career entry requirements of GCSE and university degree. The company is an equal opportunity employer and 1992 set up an equal opportunities group to help foster a diverse workplace and highlight equal opportunities as an important part of the company s ethos. McDonalds commitment to equal opportunity extends beyond race, gender, ethnic origin, marital status, colour, nationality or disability, to compass people with very different backgrounds and experience. Whether university graduates and those without formal qualifications, first jobbers or those who have worked for decades, what binds employees is the knowledge that the opportunities are as great as an individuals ambition and ability allow. And if employees are happy with the opportunities they are getting form the company they work hard for the company and try to provide best service in the world. It is important to retain talented staff and staff who have become skilled through training. By recruiting quality staff who are committed to the business, thus reducing recruitment costs by not having to recruit too often. McDonalds also provide benefits with salary to its staff. Hourly paid staff benefits: * Free meal allowance * Paid holidays (4 weeks per annum) * Free life assurance (value dependent upon service) * Private health care (for employees aged 19+with 3 years service) * Sponsorship Programme * Stock purchase scheme * Employees discount card * Service awards (at 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 years service) * Stakeholder pension Apart from good rates of pay, McDonalds try to provide good working conditions and incentives. This also helps McDonalds to meets its objective of expanding and providing best service to the community. 4) Marketing: According to the research about McDonalds marketing is the whole process by which goods get from producers to buyers. More people work in Marketing than in production. Marketing involves marketing research, distribution, pricing and promotion. As last week McDonalds was offering 2 normal fries, hamburger, drink for only à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 and that offer was only for limited period. Marketing department deals with advertising, promotion and improving the image of the product and services to attract more customers. The fast food industry is in which many companies compete for customers. McDonalds provide a better product, give better value for money, provide a superior service, better at distributing and selling its good and services and making them known through advertising and publicity. There is no doubt that McDonalds do a lot of advertising and promotion activities. One of them is mentioned above. Recently McDonalds announced that Kay Napier, Procter Gamble marketing veteran, vice President/General manger, has been hired as a senior Vice President of marketing. McDonalds marketing director said, I am delighted to add this kind of marketing talent to our team at McDonalds. This is another step in elevating one of the worlds great brands to an even higher level of marketing strength and value. This will also help them to achieve their objective, which is growth. Customer can be attracted through good eye-catching advertisement, advertisement has this tremendous ability to shift demand curve to the right. As customer increase income rises which helps achieving companys aim of making profit so that they can cover their cost more easily. McDonalds also meets its objective which is satisfying customer need by knowing what customer want and how much they are willing to spend on their food. To achieve this objective marketing department employees special research team for the test products do surveys with customers to taste new product and answer questionnaire about them. According to McDonalds policy McDonalds will not work with any supplier who does not adhere to the standards required by UK and EU legislation regarding animal welfare, transportation, husbandry, inspection, and quality hygiene. This policy helps McDonalds to meet its objective of Providing best food, beat com petition and improve the company image. 5) Research and development: The purpose of R D is to enable business to compete successfully and achieve permanently sustainable competition over its competitors by becoming more efficient and/or profitable and giving customers added value. To achieve this McDonalds always and will continue to develop new products that satisfy customers expectations for great taste and great value. The companys new product and development team works with suppliers to expand the menu with new core and promotional food items. The team helps to ensure that all new food items meet McDonalds high quality and safety standards. As with the existing product range, McDonalds solicits and carefully listens to customers view on any new or promotional products. * McDonalds offer more and more choices for breakfast by developing new products as more and more customers eat breakfast out rather than at home. * Changing existing products McDonalds uses conventional food chemicals or additives that add flavour and colour that helps to maintain freshness and make changing in existing products by listening to customers views. * Collecting data from worldwide research McDonalds has special research team to find out what customers want and how much they can spend. McDonalds also has restaurant development policy: When McDonalds has local knowledge which is a key to choosing new locations, McDonalds on discussion with local managers who are closely involved at roots level with their local communities. By keeping customers convenience McDonalds develop new restaurants. Company is committed to responsible and works closely with local planning and community groups when developing new restaurants. Every bullet point and information is written there helps McDonalds to achieve its objective of providing good service to the community by attracting more customers and making profit. There are advantages and disadvantages with every functional areas but each functional area helps McDonalds in one way or another to meet its objectives. Task Four: There are three types of management style and they are: * Democratic * Autocratic * Consultative Management style will describe the different ways that the managers treat their employees and also the way the in charge of the employees. Democratic management style: This type of style involves empowerment. Individuals and team are given responsibility to make decisions, usually with a given frame. The team is then responsible for the decisions that it makes. A manager with this style will feel comfortable allowing others t make decisions. Autocratic management style: This style is where manager gives out instructions, telling people what to do rather than asking employees. The manager is the only person who contributes to decision making. Consultative management style: Consultative mangers are ones who seek to consult other to implement decisions. This type of style wants to draw on more sources of opinion than just her or himself. The purpose of management style is to remember where we started. Business exists to satisfy demand for particular goods and services and in order to do this they need resources; the factor of production. Being the fast food company McDonalds exists to provide catering service to the community. Management is concerned with planning, controlling and co-ordinating the acquisition and use of these resources. In large concerns like McDonalds, managers run the business by using people and information. The term managing comes from the Latin word for hand, as does the word manual. It originally meant handling things but did not originally apply to people. McDonalds Management is responsible for the preparation, integrity and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements and financial comments. The financial statement has been audited by independent auditors, Ernst Young LLP, who was given unrestricted access to all financial records and related data. The audit report of Ernst Young LLP is presented herein. The Board of Directors, operating through its Audit Committee composed entirely of independent Directors, provides oversight to the financial reporting process. Ernst Young LLP has unrestricted access to the Audit Committee and regularly meets with the Committee to discuss accounting, auditing and financial reporting matters. McDonalds has an autocratic management style. A manger takes entire responsibility for decisions and, having set objectives and allocated tasks to employees, expect them to be carried out exactly as specified. Employees are told exactly what, how and when work must be started and finished. It is the kind of management style associated with a corporate culture centred almost exclusively on production. Power is focused at the top, and the centralised decision making is geared to getting the goods out of the company and to customers. The culture of a business can be widely affected by its attitudes, values and beliefs. There are different types of culture McDonalds is very close to customer driven culture by keeping this culture in its mind McDonalds works and as it is described before that McDonalds first priority is its customers. Attention is focused on improving all aspects of the production process down to the minutes detail for the customers benefits. Technological culture is focused as well. To improve its technology and develop new products they listen to its customers as well as to their staff. An autocratic style does have some advantages and advantages for McDonalds. Disadvantages are: * Workers may want some flexibility, freedom, little contact workers therefore little teamwork, can be demotivating. * Disadvantage of having a hierarchical structure is that messages can get distorted or lost from one manager to the next. * There is also poor communication between the different functions. Advantages are: * Need quick decisions, health and safety, clear and consistent approach helps employees * Advantages of the hierarchical structure are that every one knows whom they are responsible to and whom they are responsible for. * This can also shows where specialists are needed in their divisional groups The organisation structure McDonalds has is hierarchical structure, which you can see on next page. The benefits McDonalds gets are clear management structure, clear lines of responsibility and control and functions are clear and distinct. Of course where there are advantages there are disadvantages as well. The disadvantages McDonalds has are many layers of communication and many layers of authority and decision-making. The relationship between structure, management style and culture Structure Management style Culture Hierarchical, many levels Autocratic Based on routine procedures of management, e.g. in and job roles, decisions are large business like McDonalds centralised. Being a huge company McDonalds has an Operations Director (Peter Sullivan), Development Director (Peter Richards), Finance Director (George Director), Marketing Director (Matthew Howe), HR Training Director (Carmel Flatley) and chairman and chief executive (Andrew Taylor) are the most important people in the company. Together with the other directors, they oversee the work of the companys five vast departments: Operational, technical, real estate, financial and marketing. There are also regional manager senior supervisor and superior supervisor, restaurant manager and assistant manager. The board of directors have senior jobs in the company, overseeing different divisions. These are the executive directors. The board also includes non executive directors, who do not work for the company. They help the board make decisions and look after the interests of the shareholders. McDonalds also have training and careers or its employers. McDonalds employs local people in their own community. It is an equal opportunity employer, and women and people from ethnic minorities are represented at all levels. Young people accepted for a position on McDonalds career programme can quickly climb the promotional ladder. Trainee managers go through a series of training courses at centres set up in their own community. They receive even more important on-the-job training at a McDonalds restaurant. McDonalds has an open door policy, which allows staff access to managers from the chairman down. Everyone is welcome to make suggestions or complaints. McDonalds also holds a frequent meetings called rap sessions where staff can voice their complaints to someone from headquarters or air grievances to a member of management from another restaurant. McDonalds now has a bureaucracy; senior staff is not even treated with the awe they command in some companies. Even the chairman is approachable. The staff and the public have open access to him through the companys open door policy. There is a McDonalds management structure on next page. Task 5: A description of the use of ICT for internal and external communications of the business. Businesses need to communicate with a range of individuals and other organisations including their customers, their suppliers, as well as their own employees. Every organisation will need to be able to communicate effectively with staff at all levels for it to function smoothly and efficiently. These are the reason why communication is important for a business or an organisation whether it is internal or external. The business I have chosen for this assignment is McDonalds. McDonalds also has internal and external communication to run its business effectively. McDonalds has an IT strategy. Information technology is important where it enables a business to achieve its goals. However cost is always important and evidence seems to show that IT is more expensive than firms realise. According to Management Consultants, support cost can be five times the amount estimated. This includes help from other staff and time spent on security and back-up procedures. Other costs can include: * Staff training * Introducing health and safety measures * The need to maintain efficient security Two recent trends in keeping down IT costs are: Downsizing: when we look at human resources management then downsizing means is lying off employees. However in IT it simply means using smaller systems, such as a mini-computer instead of a mainframe, or a PC instead of a mini. This is possible because hardware is becoming more powerful. The other recent trend is outsourcing. Outsourcing: This again is a term used in human resources management Internal and external communications: Internal communication: Internal communication is communication that takes place within the organisation. The three main ways of communicating information inside McDonalds are intranet, McNews and MDUK and High levels. Methods of keeping In touch with staff: * Intranet Launched in the year 2000, McDonalds UK intranet provides a fast and up-to-the-minute source of information for McDonalds restaurant management and office staff. It is a single point of reference administrative requirements, news and marketing materials. * McNEWS AND MDUK McNews was the award-winning magazine published bi-monthly for all restaurant staff. In 2002, McNews was re-launched as MDUK a lively people-focused magazine, it covers news, activities and events from restaurants around the country. * High levels Published bi-monthly for all management and office staff it is a showcase for best practice, recognising individuals outstanding practices and achievements, as well as highlighting internal and external awards. * An email system operates in all offices and company-owned restaurants. * Regular staff communication sessions are held in the offices. * Employee satisfaction surveys for both office and restaurant staff are held annually. This is how McDonalds communicate with its staff. The purpose of internal communication is to communicate with its internal customers, which are employees to run business effectively and smoothly. Provide them information they need time to time. External communication: External communication takes place between the organisation and the outside world. McDonalds needs to communicate with a range of stakeholders including shareholders, customers, government, suppliers and the community. Communicating with suppliers and customers: * Telephone: The most frequently used form of external verbal communication is telephone. McDonalds uses this form of external communication to contact with their suppliers. Apart from this McDonalds has answering machines to keep in touch with customers. Phone answering machines tape callers messages, which can be played back from a distance by calling the number and typing in a code. * Business letter: McDonalds has its address available on its every website for their customers and also to obtain your copy of the pack you can contact them by sending a letter. * Website: Most companies have an internet website including McDonalds. McDonalds uses this for all external communications purposes and for public relations activities. I also used McDonalds website to do research for my assignment. * Fax: Fax is a form of external communication. Fax machine is used to transmit and receive suppliers to communicate. The purpose of external communication is to communicate with its customers, suppliers and community. Provide them information about the business they want. Benefits: The benefits of using internal communication are: * The benefit of using intranet to business is that it provides a fast and up-to-minute source of information for McDonalds restaurant management and staff. * McNews magazine covers news, activities and events from restaurant around the country. * E-mail system is faster and efficient. Information and reports are confidential. The same message can be sent immediately to many people. * Employee surveys helps to get employee views. The benefits of using external communication are: * Telephone is fast and its great benefit is that it allows people who would find it difficult to meet to converse. And a person who cant read or write can talk over the phone to get information. * The use of business letter saves time for the person whom you are writing to and you can explain in detail. Not everyone has access to internet so if somebody who needs information about the organisation can write a letter to them. * Fax does the same thing its transmitting speed is fast and saves time. Again if somebody need information about the organisation can contact them through fax if has no access to internet. * Website provides a lot of information about the organisation and in detail with pictures and graphs make easier for you to understand. It saves time of both who wants information and the one who is giving. For example if you asking the manager of McDonald about the company but he hasnt got enough time to give you information in detail so when you have time you can go on to McDonalds website and look for the information you need in detail. In order to achieve business objectives McDonalds has created communication channels which all allows the company to communicate effectively both internally and externally. Due to successful communication when looking at the McDonalds UK financial profile form 1998 to 2001. One can clearly see a substation increase in profit during this period. By using effective communication McDonalds meets a range of organisational objectives which are crucial for the business such ads being a market leader, no 1 fast food retailer in the world which is due to the excellent reputation built throughout the year by maintain strong relationships with customers, adapting to new environment investing in new technologies and continuously up-grading systems and improving staff training. All this reflected in McDonalds ability to maximise sales profit and revenues. ICT has an enormous impact on McDonalds business internally and externally. E-mails replaced the old fashioned methods of communication such as letters and phone calls. The company has a very sophisticated network database which replaced the traditional systems of filing, storing information. Computers are used every where in the business to replace a range of standard operations such as maintaining stock levels, organising deliveries, preparing invoices and recording payments etc. The use of the internet website enables McDonalds to reach any place in the world and is a very latest link with the global market for example every body can obtain the information from the website in a matter of minutes. The global net exchange enables McDonalds through electronic data interchange (EDI) system to arrange financials transfer dramatically reducing time, paper work and costs. Poor communication results in mistakes, anxiety, low morale, inadequate control and aggression. Not surprisingly there is concern to improve the quality of communications. First this means improving the communication skills of people within the organisation. Second, it means developing systems of communication. We can identify the skills required by individuals as: o Patience o Discretion o Understanding o Assertiveness where necessary. A clear explanation of how the production process and quality assurance / control system employed by the business help it to add value to its product or service. McDonalds production is a very important process in McDonalds business activities and it involves: o Processing o Manufacturing o Assembly o Craft-based production Processing: Most of the McDonalds products are created by processing which includes food and drinks. Processing involves treatment such as washing, cutting, salting, weighting, heating, grilling and frying etc. The raw materials such as meat, chicken, fish and vegetables etc are passed through a series of processes until the desire form product is produced for example chicken fillet is processed into chicken burgers, grilled and then assorted with salad cream. Manufacturing: Manufacturing involves making boxes, cups, sticks and different childrens toys which McDonalds has special facility to produce techniques include for example producing plastic toys from plastic granules called Polietilen which is put into a machine which is heated and under pressure different shapes are made for toys. The same thing applies for the plastic cups for hot and soft drinks. Assembly: A typical assembly operation for example putting together big Mac and French fries with a cup of soft drink in a paper bag to serve the so-called big meal for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.99. Another example for an assembly is when staff is in the workshop assemble kids toys, which go together with the kids happy meal. Craft-based production: Craft based production involves making individual products by hand for example a birthday cake for McDonalds birthday parties where the parent can request a special shape and decoration for the childs birthday cake. So McDonalds takes individual offers for special cakes. Especially trained staff has the ability and skill to create imaginative and attractive design that suits the individual needs of customers. Craft production in McDonalds for example involves working with material such as icing, chocolate, cream, coco powder and baking powder. Quality assurance: McDonalds is committed to maintaining and developing the best food products in the quick service restaurant market. In order to deliver on this, the company has made a number of other commitments: to food safety, food quality and nutrition. McDonalds first is always the health and safety of customers. The company believes that the food safety standards required by law are only a minimum and the company continually seeks to go beyond this. Because of this belief, McDonalds has developed a food safety policy to help keep the focus of the companys absolute commitment to food safety and quality. All raw materials delivered to McDonalds restaurant must be consistently produced to the highest standards of hygiene and safety. Company systems and procedures must be continuously updated to ensure the highest standards of food hygiene for all customers at all time. All staff receives proper supervision and training in food and safety. The equipment used must be the appropriate for the needs of each restaurant, and must be carefully maintained and carefully calibrated. Following its launch in early 1998, McDonalds continues its programme of sponsoring research grants in food safety. The grants are particularly aimed at supporting the work of researchers in the early stage of their independent research careers, who are working in established UK-based departments and institutions. McDonalds is committed to serving hot, fresh, great tasting, great value food to all customers, every time that they visit a restaurant. McDonalds food has made from the basic commodities: red and white meat, fish, eggs, milk, grain and vegetables. All raw materials are produce to exacting specifications and the highest possible standards of quality and safety, The Company will not use any ingredients unless it is clear exactly where it has come from and that it compiles with all relevant regulations and McDonalds own high standards. Additives are only used to ensure that high quality standards are maintained. Additives are removed or replaced wherever possible, as long as this does not compromise food safety or quality. McDonalds has a highly trained team of quality assurance whose job includes verifying the companys supply chain through audits and site visit. These employees also work with suppliers to maintain and develop product quality and to ensure that restaurants consistently serve hot, fresh food. Independent food safety auditors re also used to assess their key suppliers partners. In 1984 McDonalds became the first UK restaurant company to publish detailed nutritional information on all core menu items. McDonalds highest priority is for the safety of its customers. The company will not any product or ingredient that does not meet their high standards of quality and safety, or has not received the necessary approval by the relevant UK authorities. McDonalds will not work with any supplier who does not adhere to the standard required by UK and EU legislation regarding animal welfare, transportation, husbandry, inspection, and quality hygiene. McDonalds always and will continue to develop new products that satisfy customers expectations for great taste and great value. Around the country, thousands of people form a network of dedicated suppliers involved in the day-to-day operation of McDonalds business. The responsibility of serving more than 2.5 million customers each day makes quality a consistent goal. McDonalds work with leading suppliers across the UK from potato farmers in Lincolnshire and Norfolk to dairies in the south and midlands-to bring the customers the tasty products they expect from McDonalds. It is McDonalds policy worldwide to purchase supplies from local producers wherever possible, providing that they can meet exacting product and hygiene regulations, operate responsibly and humanely and are competitive. McDonalds strives to ensure quality from crop to counter. To that end, McDonalds requires the highest standards and specifications, not just product ingredients every detail of production, transport, delivery, preparation and service is also exhaustively monitored. McDonalds also recognises the importance of a balanced diet and lifestyle and continues quality new products, which satisfy customers expectations for taste and value. A focus on quality permeates every aspect of the business. McDonalds standards lead the industry, and will continue to work with government and health officials to investigate improvements. Quality control: Quality control in McDonalds involves all kinds of inspection system for checking the raw materials, the food processing, customer service and management. The company carries out different types of testing the raw materials as well as the ready made meal and drinks for example the cooking oil in which the French fries are cooked is changed twice a day. Each restaurant manger and supervisor inspects daily the premises, the safety of the equipment and the expiry date on stored product such as milk, cream etc and general hygiene on the premises including McDonalds car park and the neighbouring areas. In the company mission statement different policies are allocated such as health and safety, food hygiene, manual handling, customer service, litter control, recycling and environmental policy for example McDonalds is a member of the environment council, the corporate responsibility group of Earth watch Europe, the industry council for packaging and the environment (INCPEN), and greeting the high street, a group of retailers who have come together to develop recycling in the high street. Another example is that McDonalds takes a sensitive approach to its built environment, working closely with planning and conservation officers to preserve buildings of architectural merit and to improve the townscape. In many towns, McDonalds has invested considerable sums in restoring old buildings, often putting back architectural details that have been lost. York, Chester and Stratford-upon-Avon are prime examples. McDonalds has supported the tidy Britain Groups annual National clean activities. Since 1988 and support its campaign just Bin it. In addition to corporate funding, restaurant throughout the UK organise and support activities to clean up their local environment in conjunction with local youth groups. o McDonalds is one of the countrys leading sponsors of council litterbins. o All packaging carries the Tidy Britain Groups Tidy Man symbol. o Many McDonalds restaurant organise litter-related competitions with local schools and youth groups. o McDonalds was a founding sponsor of Going of Green, a nationwide awareness campaign for sustainable growth. In 1997 at the TIDY Britain Groups Queen Mothers birthday Awards for environmental improvement, McDonalds received the top award, the Queen Mothers Birthday Trophy. o 100% recycled used for happy meal boxes, take away bags, take away trays, napkins, kitchen rolls and toilets. o All McDonalds tray liners are made from 100% fully recyclable and biodegradable materials. o All McDonalds suppliers have to use minimum recycled content of 50% in their corrugated containers. o All McDonalds offices recycle waste paper and also use recycled paper. o The majority of McDonalds restaurants recycle their cardboard and used cooking oil.

Possible People Responsible for the Death of Romeo & Juliet :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Two households, both alike in dignity? From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life, Whole misadventured piteous overthrows Do with their death bury their parents' strife? -Chorus As these words echoed through the hall of the Globe theatre little did William Shakespeare know that this tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, would be examined and admired by playwrights for decades to come. So does fate play a major part in this tragedy? Or does their blood stain the garments of civil hands? Could it have been the loyal Mercutio, who swore on both their houses Tybalt the hated enemy? or was it Friar Lawrence who tried to end the fighting between households. Or does the blame go on the ancestors who began it. Many would agree that the death of these lovers cannot be blamed on anyone but themselves. This question cannot be answered without looking deeply into each characters involvement in the tragedy. In many ways Mercutio can be blamed for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. If he had not persuaded Romeo to come to the Capulet?s Ball Romeo would most likely have never fallen in love with Juliet. If Romeo hadn?t gone to the Capulets Ball, Tybalt would not have sought his life and in time forcing Romeo to be banished and Mercutio and himself dead. Or was it those few words that left Mercutios mouth when he knew he was dying? ?A plague on both your houses! I am sped. Is he gone, and hath nothing - Act 3, Scene 1, line 90. Could he have really put a curse on the Capulet and Montague households? That both families will come together at the result of death. From the very beginning of the play, Tybalt expressed how he hated peace. He would prefer to hate than to have peace with the Montagues. ?What! Drawn, and talk of peace? I hate the word, / as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. / Have at thee, coward! ? Act 1, Scene 1, line 67 Surely if he did not have such a hate for the Montagues he would not have gone after Romeo after seeing him at the ball. If he had held back his sword instead of smiting Mercutio, Romeo would not have been angered to murder and in turn be banished. But also when Juliet?s parents heard that there daughter?

Faculty Reaction Paper

Jeerer Tarot It's a very good film. I am amazed with the lines of the actresses, I felt every single word coming out of their mouth and it's like I'm a part of that scene. The actresses were very good, they portrayed the role given to them excellently. The characters acted naturally like they're Just having a quarrel on a real life. The teacher on a violet shirt fits her role very well, Just the way she walked and her gestures, she already looked like a brave woman.The shot and angles are quite impressive because it's very artistic and it also beautifies the whole film. I noticed that the glass fell down and broke into pieces and that symbolizes their friendship, a shattered friendship because of different principles in life. Even though the film was so short they still had a chance to put conflict on it. I was also a bit unsatisfied with the ending because some of my questions are not answered (who is the student they're talking about and what happened? . Teacher plays a great role towards how they influence and affect students and how a student can be molded to have a better personality. The teacher n the film says † angostura aka Eng high school†, but before she resigned, she taught college students, in short she wants to teach high school students so that when those students enter college they will be open minded and they would also be exposed to the real world and know how hard life is.To cut the story short, the teacher always wanted her students to learn something not Just inside the four corners of the room, but also learn something outside that they could not learn inside the school. On the other side, I'm also in favor of what the other teacher (wearing white) said, because if hose students were trained earlier, they will have a better personality and being open minded towards things.During college days, I think that most of us had completely developed our personality that's why it's already hard for us to deal with something we're really not into. It's also true that Joan has a good intention towards those students but I also agree that she taught it to the wrong students, students that are fully molded by an opulent family and through the years they are not doing those things that's why Joan should have go with the flow towards the rules and regulations of that college.

Fahrenheit 9/11

The movie â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† was released in the year 2004 in which the award winning director â€Å"Michael Moore† had directed this film that receives various positive feedback from the movie critics. The motion film â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† is movie, which examines the Bush administration's and its financial connection to Saudi Arabia and the family of the most notorious terrorist â€Å"Osama Bin laden†. This movie is considered to be as one of the most critical and controversial movie that had been produced in the modern time of movie industry. Nevertheless, the controversial movie â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† was well appreciated and awarded by the award giving body â€Å"Cannes Festival† for the prestigious â€Å"Palme d'Or† award. As a talented director â€Å"Michael Moore† had detailed the considered controversial political event in the United States under the administration of President George W. Bush for both before and after the tragic terror attacks on the New York City, World Trade Center way back September 11, 2001. (IGN Entertainment; Inc.) Moreover, the award winning movie Fahrenheit 9/11 reveals the true story on how the United States government had helped the family of the leader of a notorious terrorist group â€Å"Osama Bin Laden† to go back right away in Saudi Arabia after the horrible September 11, 2001 terror attacks on the United States World Trade Center. This movie serves as the tool to reveal the conspiracy of the â€Å"Bush Administration†, which had committed unethical action during the most difficult moment in the United States. Furthermore, the documentary movie â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† also examines the true story on the process of the â€Å"Bush Administration† on military recruitment for the planned war in Iraq. The movie Fahrenheit 9/11 had reveals as well the true purpose president George W. Bush and his Administration on the war in Iraq. In the end this movie had revealed critical information and the conspiracies of President George W. Bush and his administration. (IGN Entertainment; Inc.) On the other hand, fear or previous terror experience is considered has the ability to trigger military offence and sacrifice the democratic values. It fair enough to say that safety of the specific country or person is always the concern of the government in which it is justifiable to sacrifice the democratic values to ensure the safety of its people and its country. Due the fact that act of terror is a big threat in the – society, people and the economy government will definitely take the necessary of actions even if it means to sacrifice their democratic values as well as the essence of the democratic to protect their interests from any threats of terrorism. Reference IGN Entertainment; Inc. (2008), Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004): Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fahrenheit_911/#synopsis            

Related Studies of Hospital System Essay Example

Related Studies of Hospital System Essay Example Related Studies of Hospital System Essay Related Studies of Hospital System Essay An article from the internet ( irpsys. com/articles/tw_rura. htm) on Rural Local Community Hospitals Utilizes an Affordable Method to Generate Accurate Medicare Reimbursements is also significant to the study because it gives an example on Local Community Hospitals system, whereby is East Adams Rural Local Community Hospitals is a 20 bed Local Community Hospitals in a town with a population of less than 2000. The elderly constitute a very high proportion of the population of our service area which means patients tend to be quite ill and stay for a long time. The current system of Medicare reimbursements, on the other hand, bases its payments strictly on the diagnosis related group (DRG) to which the patients stay is grouped or assigned. Most large third party payers have also adopted the DRG system in the state of Washington. As a result, reimbursements frequently do not cover the cost of patient care. Further difficulties are generated by the fact that the terminal patients are frequently transferred to larger Local Community Hospitals in Spokane. This normally means the Spokane Local Community Hospitals gets the major portion of the reimbursement because their DRG assignment is based on the procedures performed and the larger Local Community Hospitals naturally is able to perform more procedures. Before this Local Community Hospitals had difficulties in the turnover of records, as well as manual billing system whose efficiency left much to be desired. In many cases, some charges were lost in transit because of poor paper handling and hence the Local Community Hospitals was receiving much less than the meager reimbursement it is entitled and that there was not enough time in the day to make manual system work so the need for computerized alternatives Another article from the internet. ( besoftware. co.uk/products-services/Local Community Hospitals-informations. html) Local Community Hospitals Information Systems Customized to Meet all the Management Needs of a Local Community Hospitals Local Community Hospitals Information technology: A main component of HIS is Local Community Hospitals information technology and Local Community Hospitals management software programs. These two arms of HIS are also referred to as integrated Local Community Hospitals information processing systems (IHIPS). Local Community Hospitals information technology  and Local Community Hospitals management software programs are synonymous aiming to meet all demands and needs of medical staff, surgical teams and patients. The two systems ensure that all billing, tracking, patient care, bed management, pharmacy, counseling and recruitment as well as rotation of surgical teams is on schedule. The presence of automation and software as the mainframe of a Local Community Hospitals administration means that all information has to be processed onto two or three hard disks. In case of any malfunction or crash, the data is still available in another disk. Usually, Local Community Hospitals keep two to three mirror disks one in the archives and one under the scrutiny of management personnel. Remote data backup as well as control processing and tracking automated systems ensure the smooth non-stop functioning of these systems (Local Community Hospitals Information Systems Customized to Meet all the Management Needs of a Local Community Hospitals, 2003). Another article from the internet ( medical. siemens. com) Improved Care with an Integrated IT Solution Competition in todays healthcare markets is fierce. As consumers become more informed, healthcare organizations re-examine their processes in order to improve efficiencies and to position themselves as world-class organizations. MedCentral Health System, a health organization with two Local Community Hospitals, 351 beds, and 2,600 employees in Mansfield, OH, USA, is managing this with a system-wide, information technology-(IT-) based initiative, Project Expert Care, geared to provide clinicians with reliable data, to increase patient safety, and to decrease costs by optimizing operational efficiencies. (Improved Care with an Integrated IT Solution, 2008) Related literature Foreign From the book Management and the Computer in Information and Control Systems information is the essential factor within which organizations work effectively. At the planning level, information is required to convert strategy into tactics (detailed plans and schedules and their evaluation). At the operational levels of information is required to carry out production of refining or marketing plans. Finally even the simplest loop controller in a process unit requires information from process sensors to produce their limited control action (Hodge Hodgson, 1969). According to the book Management Uses of the Computer the adoption of computer processing simplifies managements tasks in direction current business activities, provided management play its role in the development of the processing system. In the application areas turned over to the computer, management policies are carried through automatically because they are embodied in the processing system. In addition, the management information system incorporated in the processing structure provides timely information in useful form (Management Uses of the Computer, 1990). According to Terry D. Lundgren and Carol A. Lundgren author of Records Management in the Computing Age records management, then, is planning, staffing, organizing, directing and controlling of records and those processes associated with records. Records management is organized around the life cycle of a record and ends with the permanent storage or destruction of record. Source: http://voices. yahoo. com/thesis-local-community-hospitals-system-4664081. html.